Get plenty of rest. While COVID psychosis can affect people without any history of mental illness, those with mental health conditions may be at a higher risk of COVID-19, according to the CDC. This site uses cookies to assist with navigation, analyse your use of our services, collect data for ads personalisation and provide content from third parties. Kevin Wang 1:18 am, Feb 21, 2017. All rights reserved, With Tax Season Starting Soon, Here's What To Know Before You File, Thousands of Cook County Homeowners Could Be Getting a Refund. Experts say that more research is needed to determine other environmental or biological factors that could affect the onset of COVID psychosis. Severe cases of COVID-19 can injure the brain in ways that affect memory, thinking and mood for months after the infection is gone, new research hints. If you had a confirmed COVID-19 infection you should defer vaccination for 3 months. However, enough cases have shown up where I think while some of us, such as myself, might have been somewhat skeptical at the first reports, I think most of us are growing less skeptical as we see more and more cases where we're having to ask ourselves if COVID plays a causal role in either the seriousness of the problem or just the entire problem.". Cough. They usually happen within six weeks of getting a vaccine. COVID-19, or the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, is named for the crownlike spikes on the viral surface.6 Researchers have identified that the envelope spike (S) glycoprotein binds to human cellular receptors ACE-2 and DDP4, allowing membrane fusions to occur and viral replication to proceed. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Collateral information from the patients daughter confirmed no prior psychiatric history, a sudden loss of appetite, auditory hallucinations, and behavioral changes, which prompted his physician to refer him for COVID-19 testing. Staff Reporter. Psychiatric face of COVID-19. Epub 2021 May 28. Get plenty of sleep, especially if you feel achy or sick. ACE-2, the key receptor that SARS-CoV viruses latch onto to invade neurons, is expressed on neurons and glia.5,12 Previous studies showed that in ACE-2 transgenic mice that were intranasally inoculated with SARS-CoV-1, this infection led to neuronal death and elevated proinflammatory cytokine response, including secretion of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF alpha.5 Such proinflammatory responseswhich may be triggered by SARS-COV-2 neuro-invasion via ACE-2 receptorcan lead to transmigration of peripheral neurons, astrocytes, and peripheral nervous system immune cells into the CNS in hosts with compromised blood brain barrier, thereby manifesting as a wide array of neuropsychiatric sequelae ranging from depression, delirium, and perplexing neurologic manifestations to full-blown psychosis.5,13, Mr Morenos case highlights the propensity of COVID-19 for producing psychosis in a previously stable older patient with no prior psychiatric history. Yi Y, Lagniton PNP, Ye S, et al. For a small number of people, COVID infection may be accompanied by an episode of post-COVID psychosis, a break from reality which can be frightening for the patient and their loved ones. If you need mental health support but dont know where to start, you can read Psych Centrals guide on seeking help. Reported cases in the US continue to grow, with more than 80 million cases and a mortality count well over 980,000 as this went to print.7,8. The study reported by the CDC suggests health care professionals "be on the lookout for new onset psychiatric disorders, even in patients with no previous psychiatric diagnoses.". 13. Doctors around the world reported psychotic symptoms in a small number of patients who've had the SARS-CoV-2. Lim ST, et al. Incidence, risk factors, natural history, and hypothesised mechanisms of myocarditis and pericarditis following covid-19 vaccination: living evidence syntheses and review. Cases of post-infectious psychosis have occurred with other viruses, including the 1918 Spanish flu and coronaviruses SARS and MERS. -, Romeo B., Rari E., Mazari A., Toullec A., Martelli C., Benyamina A. Encephale; 2021. 2021;428-440. However, we do not guarantee individual replies due to the high volume of messages. "For the person who gets COVID and has persistent chronic symptoms, you know we're calling them long haulers, we think the most important thing is to report those symptoms of fatigue- and it's mostly fatigue- report them to their primary care doctor to get advice on what can be tried," Royce Lee said. Cases are expected to remain. 2023 Jan-Feb 01;43(1):66-67. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001640. Dr St. Victor is the clinical assistant director of the consultation-liaison psychiatry service at Nassau University Medical Center. August 18, 2020. 6. Brain Behav Immun. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. These tips may help make therapy more affordable. Vaccines are crucial to ending the COVID-19 pandemic. One study on the health records of more than 200,000 US COVID-19 patients found that about 13% received some kind of psychiatric or neurological diagnosis for the first time within six months of. At least 1 study has demonstrated detection of SARS-COV-2 RNA in a COVID-19 patients CSF presenting with acute neurologic symptoms.5, Interestingly, in a study of 2 patients who had severe clinical meninge-encephalitic changes as a result of COVID-19, there was no viral detection in the patients CSF.5 Explanations for this range from the lack of adequate testing techniques for SARS-CoV-2s presence in the CSF to the possibility that peripheral nervous system invasion may lead to cytokine dysregulation within the CSF itself. 2021;114:75-76. 7. It has been documented that like COVID-19, these viruses have been able to produce symptoms of psychosis in patients with no prior psychiatric conditions. Illinois' Assault Weapons Ban Faces 1st Lawsuit With Emergency Hearing, Hundreds of Plaintiffs, He Hit the Gas': Wicker Park Tow Ends With Guns Drawn, Driver on Hood of Truck. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine , The relationship between age and immunity may also be a factor. Schizophr Bull. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Other case studies have reported people having delusions that patients in the hospital were actors and medical staff were trying to harm them, hearing voices speaking in foreign languages or telling them to take on grand tasks, like saving the earth. A California woman whose teenage son developed post-COVID psychosis has warned other parents about the condition. -, Hofmann C., Baur M.O., Schroten H. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis after TdaP-IPV booster vaccination: cause or coincidence? Brain Behav. Encyclopedia of Virology. The activated mast cells may have reduced the Th1 response, a finding which may impact the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in this group. 2021 Sep;9(9):3487-3489. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.06.032. the Science X network is one of the largest online communities for science-minded people. Because there have been so many cases of COVID worldwide, isolated reports of post-COVID psychosis may stand out more. After trying to pass her children through a fast-food restaurant drive-through serving counter to protect them, she was taken to hospital for care. Link to the original article. If you are concerned about your mental health or your loved ones mental health, reach out to one of our clinicians at Linden Oaks Behavioral Health or call 630-305-5027 for a free behavioral health assessment. Prior to COVID-19 infection, the patient was cognitively intact at baseline but preoccupied with visiting his deceased wifes grave in Peru. The three main symptoms of the coronavirus are a high temperature, a loss of taste and smell and a new persistent cough. Starting from the second week, the patient manifested delusions of persecution, delusions of influence, thoughts insertion, and delusional behaviour, culminating in the suicide attempt. Coronavirus immunoreactivity in individuals with a recent onset of psychotic symptoms. Around the world, providers are reporting a small but increasing number of cases in which Covid-19 patients with no previous history of mental health issues develop severe psychosis weeks or months after recovering from the virus, Pam Belluck writes for the New York Times. Royce Lee said symptoms of "COVID psychosis" can differ widely from patient to patient. A few of these videos have been viewed millions of times by the public. By creating platforms and opportunities that allow us to come together, we can begin to know and understand each other. All Rights Reserved. 2011;258(3):500501. 2020;10(1):261. Pediatr Neurol. Fatigue. The investigations of the patient did not support any structural changes of the brain, any severe medical conditions, a neurological abnormality, a confusion or a state of unconsciousness or alterations in laboratory tests. Our physicians and other experts will post about the steps you can take today to stay healthy and fit for years to come. The COVID-19 virus can not only bring on new neuropsychiatric symptoms (such as anxiety, depression, or psychosis) but also has the potential to worsen existing mental health symptoms. Coronavirus immunoreactivity in individuals with a recent onset of psychotic symptoms. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms, Evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 sarbecovirus lineage responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease, Assessing the long-term safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with COVID-19 infection in a toddler, Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in a psychiatric Covid-19 patient: a case report. "This was another level of something that took over his brain," Jennifer Price explained. Mr Moreno is an 82-year-old Hispanic male with no prior psychiatric history, brought in by emergency medical services for bizarre behavior, such as wandering barefoot between cars. How long after COVID-19 vaccine will side effects occur? Our physicians and other experts will post about all things moms and moms-to-be want to know. Psychosis in a patient with anxiety related to COVID-19: a case report, Psychotic symptoms in COVID-19 patients. new, unexplained pinprick bruising or bleeding. Scientifically, we are at the frontier of trying to decipher the mechanistic underpinnings of the neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 infections. But Houston's Thornton is not the only one afflicted. A lumbar puncture, heavy metal panel, urine porphyrins, chest x-ray, urinalysis, and brain MRI were all within normal limits. Symptoms of psychosis can include hallucinations, delusions, talking incoherently and agitation. 2021;114(7):337-340. Troyer EA, Kohn JN, Hong S. Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Furthermore, he reported hearing the voice of his brother-in-law threatening to inject blood into his rectum. Epub 2021 Aug 8. The risk is low but episodes are frightening. Persistent psychotic symptoms following COVID-19 infection. Do use your vaccine arm. Far-right U.S. news outlet The Epoch Times reported on March 6 that 966 people had died after having the Pfizer or Moderna COVID vaccines. Thus, we believe that COVID-19 infection may present without the typical clinical manifestations of fever, cough, sore throat, anosmia, and gastrointestinal disturbances. "The issue that we have is it's very difficult to prove in these cases that COVID is the cause of their illness because it could be a coincidence. With the public being vaccinated, there have recently been videos circulating on social media about major neurologic adverse events after administration of the COVID-19 vaccine. Clin. So-called "first episode psychosis" is usually seen in teens or young adults in the development of schizophrenia, or alongside dementia in elderly people. (2021). 2021 Oct;304:114165. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114165. Since the start of the COVID pandemic, reports of post-COVID psychosis have come from all over the world. 2021 Sep;35(9):e543-e545. Doctors say if you notice a change in your loved one's behavior, even if they're hospitalized for COVID-19, reach out to a doctor immediately, so the symptoms can be caught and treated earlier. Psychoses. As such, education is needed regarding the atypical presentations of a masked infection for the best possible patient care. Inbar appears to hint that the coronavirus vaccine could have caused Raz to experience neurological symptoms that made him allegedly murder his wife. 3 Many people across the world have also experienced long-Covid after. But its still too soon to tell whether people with mood disorders may be more susceptible to COVID psychosis. Identify the news topics you want to see and prioritize an order. FOIA 2022 May;52(3):511-525. If you're feeling sad and hopeless, youre not alone. Her delusions did not return. Most cases of post-COVID psychosis resolve quickly with proper psychiatric care and treatment with medication. Assessment of cognitive function in patients after COVID-19 infection. For instance, a 2021 study concluded that pediatric patients with COVID-19 and neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as severe anxiety and delusional psychosis, may have antiSARS-CoV-2 and antineuronal antibodies in their CSF [cerebral spinal fluid] and may respond to immunotherapy.. According to Dr. George, one cause of delirium in COVID-19 patients could be a lack of oxygen because of how the virus attacks the lungs . Just how common is post-COVID psychosis? All other labs were completely normal except for a nonspecific elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. 2020;87:34-39. Is there a link between COVID-19 and mood disorders? Nonirritant concentrations for skin testing with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. Some of the effects of COVID-19 could linger for years to come. Along with more common issues like brain fog, memory loss and neurological problems, "new onset". We still dont know the potential effects of COVID-19 on the brain. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one study found that patients diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder within the past year had a higher incidence of COVID-19 diagnosis than patients without a psychiatric disorder. "That was heartbreaking.". "This pandemic represents an unprecedented time that requires a psychiatrists vigilance in identifying patients at risk for COVID-19induced psychosis. Psychiatry of Pandemics: A Mental Health Response to Infection Outbreak. Jennifer Price, of suburban Morris, believes her husband, Ben, contracted what's been referred to as "post-COVID psychosis" before his death. 801 S. Washington Street, Naperville, Illinois 60540, 155 E. Brush Hill Road, Elmhurst, Illinois 60126, Linden Oaks Behavioral Health - Main Inpatient Campus, 852 South West Street, Naperville, Illinois 60540, 2023 Edward-Elmhurst Health. Some people feel compelled to hurt themselves or others. 2021 Apr 13;22(1):276. doi: 10.1186/s13063-021-05180-1. Immun. A new study, not yet peer-reviewed and available as a preprint, found a strong association between the use of non-cardiovascular drugs and severe COVID-19defined as the need for intensive care or fatal outcome. 15. Our physicians and other experts will post about exercise and fitness, recipes, wellness advice and more. Grover S, Rani S, Kohat K, Kathiravan S, Patel G, Sahoo S, Mehra A, Singh S, Bhadada S. Schizophr Res. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. An mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine can cause mild to moderate side effects. Taquet M, et al. You might run a fever and experience body aches, headaches and tiredness for a day or two. Trials. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. Severance EG, Dickerson FB, Viscidi RP, et al. Psychosis is a condition characterised by confused thoughts, delusions and hallucinations. The Delta variant is bad news for our mental health, too. Acute Psychosis After Immunization With Whole-Virion Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine; A Case Report From Central India. But a lesser-known, long-term mental health effect of the virus looms in the shadows. has indicated that the bodys reaction to COVID-19 could lead to inflammation around the brain which in turn can affect a persons mental health. Would you like email updates of new search results? Moderna COVID vaccine has caused side effect for those with cosmetic facial fillers "Your immune system which causes inflammation is revved up when you get a vaccine," a doctor said. Though much remains to be learned about COVID-19 and its longtime impact, Dr. Wayne Nguyen, pediatric psychiatrist and medical director of the Cherese Mari Laulhere Mental Health Inpatient Center at CHOC, reassures parents that psychosis is likely not a byproduct of COVID-19 in children. While the risk of post-COVID psychosis is low, patients and their families should watch for new onset of paranoia, believing things are happening that cannot be true, talking or muttering to themselves, or responding to something that no one else can see or hear. 2022 Jul 13;378:e069445. Association of poor mental health days with COVID-19 infection rates in the U.S. Raveendran AV, et al. To see the full site, please upgrade your browser to the most recent version of Safari, Chrome, Firefox or Internet Explorer. Some 2021 research shows a link between mood disorders and COVID-19, as well as a link between mood disorders and COVID-related psychoses. 2020;289:113052. Conversely, it is quite possible that mast cells may favor . DAVOS, Switzerland, Jan 18 (Reuters) - Moderna chief executive Stephane Bancel said on Wednesday the U.S. company was in active discussions to supply COVID-19 vaccines to China. Huarcaya-Victoria J, Herrera D, Castillo C. Psychosis in a patient with anxiety related to COVID-19: a case report. Symptoms of psychosis can include hallucinations, delusions, talking incoherently and agitation. (2021). We intend to follow up this case for possible development of schizophrenia and understand that the COVID-19 vaccine could possible play a trigger role in the development of primary psychosis. . Though . 11. The best way to avoid COVID psychosis according to Kincaid is to take the recommended precautions masking, hand washing, and social distancing, and getting vaccinated to avoid getting COVID-19 in . Researchers have also studied a possible link between COVID-19 and psychosis. by Judy George, Senior Staff Writer, MedPage Today . Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. -, Kuhlman K.R., Robles T.F., Dooley L.N., Boyle C.C., Haydon M.D., Bower J.E. In addition, those with mood disorders may also be less likely to engage in self-care activities that can help promote healthy immune function. While 2021 research shows that people with prior mental health conditions may have a higher risk of COVID-19, theres not enough evidence to suggest that those with mental health conditions could be more likely to develop COVID psychosis. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Talking with your doctor or therapist can help if your mental well-being has worsened since the beginning of the pandemic. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-069445. 1-3 Recently published studies have shown that COVID-19 can cause severe neuropsychological stress-inducing psychosis in affected patients. A 2020 study in Britain found that 10 out of 153 participants with neurological or psychiatric symptoms hospitalized with COVID-19 had new-onset psychosis.. Our physicians and other experts will post about the latest treatments and more for living a heart healthy life. Experts recommend all youth ages 12 and up be screened for depression at least once a year. (2020). [.] (Evan Mitsui/CBC) A little over 23 per cent . COVID-19 hallucinations in children. A new study has warned that potentially deadly brain disorders may be a symptom of Covid-19, even in people with otherwise mild disease. He never experienced fever, cough, or dyspnea, and he did not require steroid treatments. She was convinced she was being tracked through her mobile phone. If it determines the injury in the British trial was caused by the vaccine, the FDA could pause the trial. He was treated with oral risperidone 3 mg daily and oral sertraline 100 mg daily. Montgomery J, Ryan M, Engler R, Hoffman D, McClenathan B, Collins L, Loran D, Hrncir D, Herring K, Platzer M, Adams N, Sanou A, Cooper LT Jr. JAMA Cardiol. Brain Behav Immun. Psychosis - a particularly severe psychiatric condition - affected only 0.42% of that group, according to the study. Learn more about the negative and positive symptoms of psychosis, and what the early signs may be. PMC Taquet M, et al. The most significant effect was for antipsychotic drugs, pointing to a potential . Dr. Royce Lee, associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral science at the University of Chicago, said COVID psychosis is a relatively new phenomenon because COVID-19 is a relatively new virus, but the idea that viruses can trigger a psychiatric illness is not new. In fact, 2021 research identified as many as 50 long-term symptoms associated with the coronavirus, including several neuropsychiatric symptoms such as: A 2021 study investigated a small case report of three teens with mild or asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 who experienced a sudden onset of severe symptoms associated with psychosis, such as: Other COVID psychosis symptoms may include: Remember that youre not alone and resources are available to you. Learn about the other symptoms of psychosis and what the early. Mental Health Added to COVID-19 Risk List: What Does It Mean for You? 3. Researchers think COVID causes direct damage to the brain, triggers an immune response that negatively affects the brain, or changes blood flow 1/. (2020). Psychosis is not a known side effect of the vaccine, and has not been reported by any of the millions of Israelis who have already received their shots. The duration of psychosis was eight weeks, and symptom reduction was observed only after the gradual administration of antipsychotics over four weeks. hearing voices speaking in foreign languages, New insight into brain's attempts at psychosis recovery, Early psychosis program makes recovery a reality for young people, Evidence suggests a small but important number of people will develop coronavirus-related psychosis, Researchers highlight COVID-19 neurological symptoms and need for rigorous studies, New study shows how people interacted with chatbots during COVID-19 pandemic, Family dynamics and doctors' emotions drive useless end-of-life care, says study, Children as young as 3 to 5 recognize broken promises, Deep meditation may alter gut microbes for better health, Study shows cyclic breathing technique more effective in reducing stress than mindfulness meditation. In some cases, people with no history of mental health challenges have reported developing severe psychotic symptoms after being diagnosed with COVID-19. In April 2021, use of the Janssen/J&J COVID-19 vaccine was paused after six womenout of 6.8 million who received the one-shot vaccine--developed a rare clotting disorder. 2020;87:179-181. According to the report on 12-15-22, she received a COVID-19 (Moderna) mRNA infection with a regular flu shot. Here's Why, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 2021 Jun;9(6):2476-2477. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.03.022. -. 12. Researchers believe that the inflammation of the brain could also be responsible for other COVID-19 symptoms such as loss of taste or smell. Epub 2022 Jan 24. Links between coronaviruses, immune system activation and psychosis have also been found, suggesting COVID may not be the only coronavirus capable of causing psychosis. Here we present a case of a patient with no prior psychiatric history who developed psychosis after COVID-19 infection. A meta-analysis of blood cytokine network alterations in psychiatric patients: comparisons between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. 8600 Rockville Pike by Sarah Hellewell Prior to this study, information about COVID-19-related neurologic and psychiatric syndromes was available only from individual case reports. outlines a handful of cases involving people in their 30s, 40s and 50s who had never been diagnosed with a mental health illness but developed psychosis within weeks after testing positive for COVID-19. This extensive testing allowed us to determine that COVID-19induced psychosis was the most plausible clinical diagnosis. Kozato N, Mishra M, Firdosi M. New-onset psychosis due to COVID-19. The condition is similar to a reaction some people have to an anti-clotting medication called heparin. Xiong J, et al. Psychosis may be another symptom of COVID-19: Study suggests some people suffer HALLUCINATIONS after contracting coronavirus Study found evidence up to 4% of patients could suffer some form. Case Narrative. If you cannot upgrade your browser, you can remain on this site. Though reported in small numbers and considered rare, COVID-19 psychosis has affected patients around the world. 2022 Jun 26;12(7):1555. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12071555. 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Marcelino J, Farinha S, Silva R, Didenko I, Proena M, Tomz E. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. Instead, patients may solely exhibit symptoms and behavioral changes that include depression, delirium, or, as in this case, psychosis. An mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine can cause mild to moderate side effects. The 8 Best Free Online Therapy and Mental Support Services for 2022, 6 Neuroplasticity Exercises for Anxiety Relief. (2018). It's been over a year since COVID-19 lockdowns were put in place. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. PITTSBURGH, PA COVID-19 and an affliction it can trigger later can cause serious neurological problems in children, according to a study led by a pediatrician and scientist at UPMC and the. Psychosis occurs in "episodes" which may last for days or weeks. Because cases are rare and very little is known about COVID psychosis, treating this complication often means managing symptoms of psychosis. It is clear that the virus causing COVID-19 has the. (2021). The Conversation. 4,5 The literature covering correlations between COVID-19 and psychosis has demonstrated that there has been an increase in the rate of psychotic symptoms such as paranoia, delusions of persecution . He became a danger to his family, believing he should kill them to "spare them the same slow suffering". 1 First of All, Remember the Big Benefit of the Vaccine Says the FDA: "In an ongoing clinical trial, the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine has been shown to prevent COVID-19 following 2 doses given . They can recognise this is not normal for them, and something has changed in the way they are thinking. This can lead to neuropsychiatric sequelae including psychosis without direct presence of the virus within the CNS. Human Coronavirus-229E, -OC43, -NL63, and -HKU1 (Coronaviridae). 2020;5(11):1408-1417. While the symptoms of post-COVID psychosis can be varied,. J. Neurol. It involves prioritizing your well-being and that of. A retrospective descriptive study. 18. Around 3% of all people will experience psychosis at one point in their lives, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. A yearly screening can help, KidsMatter: Helping youth say yes to endless possibilities, Healthy Driven Stories with Mary Lou Mastro. 6. Boni MF, Lemey P, Jiang X, et al. However, he remained with flat affect, social withdrawal, and psychotic levels of excessive guilt with a decreased function from baseline. Before Springer International Publishing; 2019. Psychosis is a symptom of many health conditions, including schizophrenia. You can find a helpline in your country with Befrienders Worldwide. How Covid-19 will impact behavioral health services The site is secure. In addition, there have been reports of patients developing psychotic symptoms such as paranoia, delusions of persecution, and auditory and visual hallucinations, even in the absence of systemic symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection.12, Researchers have identified COVID-19s ability to invade the brain through various mechanisms, including the olfactory neural pathway1,12 and brain capillary endothelial cells through the transmembrane ACE-2 receptors, thus producing a significant inflammatory response, neurotransmitter depletion, and neuronal dysfunction and loss.5,12 The significant neuroinflammatory response, coupled with systemic inflammation and hypoxic injury, may induce new onset or exacerbation of psychiatric diseases.12,13.
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