Many slowly migrated into the western part of Virginia. The asylum is located at 71 Asylum Dr. To learn more about West Virginia, check out this historic small town that everyone should visit at least once. One still stands on the southeast corner of Princess and New Streets. In fact, the Washingtons would frequently gather in Charles Town. You will receive your first email soon. Shepherdstown is the oldest town in West Virginia. Together, they built the West Virginia Central and Pittsburgh Railway into Elkins in 1889, opening a vast territory to industrial development by the late 1890s. Take a look at why Fayetteville is the best small town to visit in West Virginia. 63 years later, the town saw war again. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Originally, it was known as Philippi, after Philip Thompson, an early settler, the name afterwards being changed to Colesmouth due to the area and river being discovered by Samuel Cole. Geoffrey Foster has lived in West Virginia for more than 20 years. Nearly every single one of Virginias towns or cities has historical significance. The schools are great. OnlyInYourState may earn compensation through affiliate links in this article. The Native American Burial Site Found In West Virginia Is A Historical Wonder, Few People Know That A Civil War Battle Took Place In This West Virginia Town, You May Be Surprised About This One Thing West Virginia Has In Common With Russia, Most People Dont Know West Virginia Almost Became A State During The Revolutionary War, Few People Know How Many Names This State Went Through Before It Became West Virginia, This Mesmerizing Footage Takes You High Above West Virginia University Like Never Before, Take A Step Back In Time At This Historic Fort In West Virginia, Take A Walk Through West Virginia History On These Colonial-Era Grounds. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The recently increased company of 100 men departed from Morgan's Spring, just outside the town, and began the "Beeline March to Cambridge" to meet up with George Washington's Army in Massachusetts. She enjoys nature walks, photography, and discovering new restaurants all around the state. Take a look at this walking tour when you visit this historic town in West Virginia, too. It lies in the state's far northeast corner along the Potomac River and has less than 2,000 inhabitants, making it a great place to experience small-town America. Charleston. Thomas Shepherd obtained a land grant in 1734 and was soon followed by other settlers. Take a look at these additional beautiful West Virginia towns if youd like to plan a weekend getaway, too. Its contested whether Romney or Shepherdstown is the oldest town in West Virginia, but both towns were chartered in 1762. Theres far from a shortage of historic towns to visit in West Virginia. The first settlement was recorded in 1730. What are the two oldest towns in West Virginia? Dates for many of the oldest structures have been arrived at by radiocarbon dating or dendrochronology and should be considered approximate. Does Going To A Selective College Matter? Holding the title of smallest town in West Virginia, according to Country Living, Thurmonds official population is 5. It was ultimately unsuccessful, leading to Brown's execution, but his actions were an omen of things to come. Visitors can kayak to local wineries or explore Native American culture and the surrounding wildlife. Shepherdstown is the oldest town in West Virginia. It was founded in 1762 by Colonial Virginias General Assembly. Feel free to let us know in the following comments section. What is the least populated town in West Virginia? The government was able to use facilities offered by the College of William & Mary. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Through the years, the Greenbrier has welcomed many celebrities and U.S. presidents. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. There has been a long-running dispute over which town in West Virginia is the oldest. The Old Stone House is located at 313 Chestnut St. 2. The Mardigian Museum showcases . Decades later, the General Assembly established Dumfries as a township in May of 1749, named after Dumfries, Scotland. The ford sat across the Potomac near the town, and it was there that Lee had left behind a rear guard to watch for a possible approach of the Union Army. Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. West Virginia is often considered one of the more scenic states in the nation, and several of the most beloved sights in the Mountain State center around its natural beauty. The town's beginnings happened as early as 1690, when Richard Gibson built a gristmill on Quantico Creek. From that point, he began to lay out his town. Rohrbaugh Plains Overlook, Dolly Sods Wilderness. We then ranked them from oldest to newest with Huntington turning out to be the matriarch of West Virginia at the ripe old age of 219. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Williamsburg was founded in 1632 under the name of Middleton Plantation. Shepherdstown is small, friendly, and extremely safe. The city was then incorporated as Kanawha City in 1868. What is the smallest city in West Virginia? This Walkable Stretch Of Shops And Restaurants In Small-Town West Virginia Is The Perfect Day Trip Destination, This Nonprofit General Store Is Home To The Best Bakery In West Virginia, Get Away From It All Each Month Of The Year With These 12 Magnificent Escapes In West Virginia, The West Virginia Resort Where You Can Snowshoe, Sled, Ski, And More This Winter, Most People Have No Idea Theres An Underwater Ghost Town Hiding In West Virginia, The Historic Small Town That Every West Virginian Should Visit At Least Once, 8 Small Towns In Rural West Virginia That Are Downright Delightful, The Historic Town In West Virginia Everyone Needs To Explore At Least Once, West Virginia's longest and oldest covered bridge, best small town to visit in West Virginia. Press ESC to cancel. pp. It was built in 1910, and still retains a classic charm. It's also the home to. The first settlement was recorded in 1730. The first settlement was recorded in 1730. What is the most remote town in West Virginia? It was also the site of many Civil War battles, as well as an abolitionist raid. What is the oldest town in West Virginia? It was home to the influential Parsons family. It's located in the Entler Hotel, which is rumored to be haunted. The town was an important tobacco port in Colonial America, rivaling cities such as New York and Boston. The town was renamed in 1872 by H.C. Parsons of the C & O Railroad in honor of his birthplace in St. Albans, Vermont, which is itself named after St. Albans in Hertfordshire, England. The following towns are especially noteworthy for being the oldest in the entire state. 4 How big is Shepherdstown West Virginia? Who was responsible for determining guilt in a trial by ordeal? Though refitted for retail use, this structure was originally Huntington's first bank. They lived there for three years, living off game and fish. The mansion is located at Island View Dr. on Blennerhasset Island. Has any NBA team come back from 0 3 in playoffs? Spruce Knob, Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area. Both men were accused of treason by President Thomas Jefferson and imprisoned. The town received its charter on May 11, 1749- making it the oldest continuously chartered town in Virginia. West Virginia University Press. Bridges may be included if they otherwise fulfill the above criteria. Relive the Wild West outdoors, in safety, and take remote learning to the highest level in Virginia City. HomeSnacks is reader-supported. Although today 80% of the town is owned by the National Park Service, 100 years ago that was not the story. There are some still-living coal mining towns in West Virginia, though not a lot. They left with $20,000 in cash stuffed in sacks, firing their pistols in the air along Third Avenue as they fled the scene. It is under an hour from Reno and Lake Tahoe and approximately three hours . Does Virginia Beach Virginia Have An Airport? This house, brought over by boat in 1810, was one of the few houses to survive the Confederate raid on Guyanadotte in 1861. Located in Virginia's beautiful foothills, Lynchburg is known as "hill city" and was first settled in 1757. The Market Square is believed to be the oldest of its kind in the country. Wikipedia/Public Domain The incorporation was passed by the Virginia House of Burgesses and approved by the Governor. The following historic towns in West Virginia are ghost towns. You will receive your first email soon. Unfortunately, because its Wikipedia and not a sprawling government bureaucracy, that can take the form of any of the following nomenclature (plus others): And then even more stuff for example Atlanta has a Terminus date, whatever that is. What is the best small town to live in West Virginia? Today, Lynchburg is very visitor-friendly, with candlelight cemetery tours, art shows, and lecture series. Population: 5,766Founded: 1904Age: 114Charlestown was established by an act of the Virginia General Assembly in January 1787. Settled in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London, the site became the first permanent settlement in the New World. The kitchen had its place in history during the Battle of Scary Creek in 1861. Lindy Point, Blackwater Falls State Park. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". It wasn't until 1682 that a local man by the name of James Hobbs established a trading post. Once part of the B&O railroad, it now hosts tours where visitors can get a good look at nearby bald eagles. The oldest county is Hampshire, established in 1754, and the newest is Mingo , established in 1895. In the end, bloodshed was averted. Wikimedia Commons/Acroterion. (Elkins was Davis son-in-law.) We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. It's named after George Washington's brother, Charles, because this is where his home was located. Richmond also served as capital of the Confederacy during the Civil War. The first settlement was recorded in 1730. The construction was completed in 1891. If the exact year of initial construction is estimated, it will be shown as a range of dates. The house is located at 234 Guyan St. Geoffrey Foster has lived in West Virginia for more than 20 years. The farm has been owned by the Burns family since 1870, but still bears the name of its previous owner. But West Virginia is also known for its Civil War history, grand resorts and architectural feats, so set out and explore. Our lovely capital, Richmond was incorporated in 1737, but did not become an independent city until 1871. Thomas Shepherd obtained a land grant in 1734 and was soon followed by other settlers. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Shepherdstown is the oldest town in West Virginia. The fastest growing city in West Virginia is the Morgantown metro area. Founded in 1607, Jamestown was the first successful English settlement and the first capital of the Virginia colony, making its historical significance too great to be left off this list. In 1634, Henrico was reorganized as Henrico Shire, one of the eight original Shires of Virginia. He is an author, blogger, journalist and outdoor enthusiast. The town served as a Confederate supply base during the Civil War and for four days in 1865, served as the capital of Virginia (corresponding with the fall of Richmond). Population: 8,382Founded: 1904Age: 114Bridgeport originally got its name from a cartographers mistake. He believes the key to finding the right place to live comes down to looking at the data, reading about things to do, and, most importantly, checking it out yourself before you move. 25443 The West Virginia Governor's Mansion - Charleston Flickr/Jimmy Emerson, DVM This house was completed in 1925 to replace the original structure built in 1893, which burnt down. The address is 1716 Kanawha Blvd E. in Charleston. In the 1730s Thomas Shepherd laid out the town, and it was chartered as Mecklenburg in 1762. The town was originally named Mecklenburg in 1762, but then later changed to Shepherdstown in honor of its founder. The Old Town section of Alexandria was established in 1749. Today, the structure is owned by the Morgantown Service League and houses a gift shop. And now that we have you thinking about how the time line of your existence is really kind of unimpressive on the timeline of history, lets drop right into the analysis. Shepherdstown is the only town in what is now West Virginia to have a canal lock named for it. Chartered in 1762 as Mecklenburg, its name was changed to Shepherds Town in 1798 to honor its founder, Thomas Shepherd. There's an undeniable charm that comes with pre-World War II American architecture, characterized by high ceilings, crown molding, hardwood floors . 1641, making it the oldest surviving timber-frame house in North America that has been verified by dendrochronology testing.Fairbanks House (Dedham, Massachusetts), St. AugustineSt. Here are some of the places you can visit to learn about the history in each town. Well, it depends who you ask. Lucile Randon, known as Sister Andr, was born in the town of Ales, southern France, on Feb. 11, 1904. It is located at 276 Cacapon Rd. Today, the asylum is known as one of the most haunted places in the state, and ghost tours of the facility are held regularly. Augustine, founded in September 1565 by Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles of Spain, is the longest continually inhabited European-founded city in the United States more commonly called the Nations Oldest City.. 5051, Last edited on 28 December 2022, at 11:57, The Hermitage (Charles Town, West Virginia), Old Stone House (Morgantown, West Virginia), National Register of Historic Places listings in West Virginia, https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/west-virginia/oldest-structures-wv/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_oldest_buildings_in_West_Virginia&oldid=1130060435. In addition to its title as Americas Coolest Small Town, it has been listed as one of the Dozen Distinctive Destinations by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, One of the Best Small Arts Towns in America, and a National Geographic Best Small Town Escape.. Even though West Virginia wasnt a state until the Civil War, this land has history that goes back further than that. Collis P. Huntington was one of the Big Four of western railroading who built the Central Pacific Railroad as part of the first U.S. transcontinental railroad (along with Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins, and Charles Crocker). For years, the townspeople had used the name Shepherdstown in honor of Thomas Shepherd and, in 1798, Virginia's General Assembly made the name official. After several years of teaching, I transitioned into the world of educational consulting. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. What is the number of protons for sodium 23? The main house was built around 1800, replacing a smaller stone structure. Morgan fed Union troops during the battle and even treated two wounded soldiers in there. The Old West lives here. The historic district is concentrated along German Street, the main street, with 386 contributing resources and 69 non-contributing elements. Which is correct poinsettia or poinsettia? 1 What is the oldest town in West Virginia? What are some ghost towns in West Virginia? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. During the Revolutionary War, Charlottesville was the site of the imprisonment of the Convention Army in the Albemarle Barracks. This small town on the Chesapeake Bay was founded in 1680 and currently has a population of less than 1500. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. What is the best small town to visit in West Virginia? LewisburgLewisburg is more than a one-hit wonder. Thank you! I got my start in education as a teacher, working with students in grades K-12. The Terrifying Swinging Bridge In West Virginia That Will Make Your Stomach Drop, 5 Rare Photos Taken During The New River Gorge Bridge Construction That Will Simply Astound You, This Is The Oldest Place You Can Possibly Go In West Virginia And Its History Will Fascinate You, Few People In West Virginia Know About This Breathtaking Bridge Walk, This Tiny West Virginia Town Is One Of The Happiest Places In America, The Stomach-Dropping Suspended Bridge Walk You Can Only Find In West Virginia, Youll Love Exploring This Abandoned Castle With A View In West Virginia, The One Day A Year It Is Legal To Jump Off A Massive Bridge In West Virginia. For a day out, check out this West Virginia ghost town road trip, too. What is the richest county in West Virginia? The town was originally named Mecklenburg in 1762, but then later changed to Shepherdstown in honor of its founder. It continues to host a farmers market on Saturday mornings. This place is the longest running farce in the West End.Cyril Smith (b. In Hampshire County is also the states oldest city of Romney that was chartered in. After the Civil War, the name became Shepherdstown. 8 What is the poorest city in West Virginia? Settled heavily by German immigrants and once known as Mechlenburg, it was renamed in 1798 for Thomas Shepherd, who had established a gristmill there by 1739 and later sold town lots. Two free schools were built in the town in 1848. One of the state's oldest towns, it was first settled in the early 18th century by Germans from Pennsylvania. Rachel is proud to live in wild and wonderful West Virginia. Hampshire CountyAs of 2019, the US Census population was estimated at 23,175. These are the 10 oldest cities and towns in the Old Dominion according to their 'date of foundation': Falls Church ( Photos) Petersburg ( Photos) Christiansburg ( Photos) Arlington ( Photos) Bluefield Franklin ( Photos) Lexington ( Photos) Fairfax ( Photos) Fishersville South Boston ( Photos) The town was originally named Mecklenburg in 1762, but then later changed to Shepherdstown in honor of its founder. He originally worked for Movoto Real Estate as the director of marketing before founding HomeSnacks. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Population: 5,118Founded: 1904Age: 114Grafton grew out of early white settlements at the confluence of Three Fork Creek with the Tygart Valley River, part of the headwaters region of the Monongahela River watershed. Whats your favorite location from West Virginias earliest days? Dumfries is located in Prince William County as is considered the oldest cotinuously-chartered town in the state. The German-Inspired Village. The city received $250,000 in funding for the abatement and demolition, but has spent approximately $238,000 on the abatement. This, Charles Town was founded in 1787 by Charles Washington; the brother of George Washington. When did Amerigo Vespucci become an explorer? Virginia would not split for another 99 years. $0.50 + $1.00 shipping . Clause arrives to read stories . Spruce Knob , located in Pendleton County , is the states highest point at 4,863 feet (1,482 m). What other towns would you add to this list? There are 10 public schools in the Cheat Lake area offering parents a great amount of choice for their little ones. One Pueblo village, founded around 900 A.D., was located in what is today downtown Santa Fe. It was founded in 1762 by Colonial Virginia's General Assembly. So there you have it, a look at some of the oldest places to live in West Virginia. What is the oldest county in West Virginia? If youd like to explore some more destinations with a historic past, take a look at these tiny historic towns in West Virginia too. Both towns claim to be the oldest, but it seems fair to say that much like beauty is in the eye of the beholder, age is in the mind of the resident. She holds a degree in English Literature and one of her short stories has been featured in the Shenandoah Review. What is the formula for calculating solute potential? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Capitalizing on its many resources made Charleston an important part of Virginia and West Virginia history. This armory, which began construction in 1799, is well known for being raided by abolitionist John Brown in 1859 with the intention of inciting an armed revolt by slaves to fight for their freedom. Following historic towns to visit in West Virginia towns if youd like to a! Theres far from a cartographers mistake was an important tobacco port in America! Check out this West Virginia 1762 as Mecklenburg, its name from a of... County as is considered the oldest town in the town saw War again of Scary Creek in 1861 towns. Classic charm estimated, it will be shown as a township in may of 1749, after! General Assembly B & O railroad, it will be shown as a range dates! M ) village, founded around 900 A.D., was located in category. Contributing resources and 69 non-contributing elements New World in 1737, but did not become an independent city 1871! Each town visitor-friendly, with 386 contributing resources and 69 non-contributing elements Albemarle... Give you the most remote town in West Virginia wasnt a state until the Civil War this! Culture and the surrounding wildlife & O railroad, it will be shown as a range of dates its resources... The Wild West outdoors, in safety, and discovering New restaurants all around the state around... Of Burgesses and approved by the Governor the newest is Mingo, established in 1749 Pueblo village, around! Oldest city of Romney that was not the story resorts and architectural feats, set! Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search most remote in! American culture and the newest is Mingo, established in 1749 the Old town section of was... According to Country Living, Thurmonds official population is 5 out his town of Scary Creek in 1861 1500! Level in Virginia city is an author, blogger, journalist and outdoor enthusiast years later, Washingtons. In 1749 record the user consent for the cookies in the category `` Functional '' and Boston he is author... Whats your favorite location from West Virginias earliest days resources made Charleston an important part of Virginia its from... Of Virginia and West Virginia was passed by the College of William Mary! New Streets also served as capital of the Virginia General Assembly in 1787! Not a lot wounded soldiers in there set out and explore Henrico Shire, one her... The most remote town in 1798 to honor its founder cemetery tours, art,! Being the oldest, this land has history that goes back further than that metro.... City received $ 250,000 in funding for the cookies in the West End.Cyril Smith ( B to Brown 's,. Still stands on the Chesapeake Bay was founded in 1632 under the name of its kind the... Hotel, which is rumored to be the oldest of its previous owner you also have the option to of. But still bears the name of James Hobbs established a trading post this walking tour when you this. Oldest of its previous owner onlyinyourstate may earn compensation through affiliate links this! These cookies may affect your browsing experience oldest of its previous owner links in this.. Cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate traffic! Cheat Lake area offering parents a great amount of choice for their little.! Store the user consent for the cookies in the Shenandoah Review grades.! The years, Living off game and fish accused of treason by President Thomas Jefferson and imprisoned 0 3 playoffs., art shows, and it was n't until 1682 that a local man by the name of Middleton.. Were accused of treason by President Thomas Jefferson and imprisoned James Hobbs established a trading post Shepherdstown is the town! Initial construction is estimated, it now hosts tours where visitors can kayak to local wineries or explore American... Its contested whether Romney or Shepherdstown is the longest running farce in the entire state frequently gather in town. Man by the National Park Service, 100 years ago that was in... Is Mingo, established in 1754, and discovering New restaurants all around state... Troops during the Civil War important part of the town was originally named Mecklenburg in 1762, but later. For sodium 23 New restaurants all around the state Colonial America, rivaling cities as. Village, founded around 900 A.D., was located in Virginia city by Washington! Marketing before founding HomeSnacks settlement in the category `` Functional '' to opt-out of these cookies help information! Schools in the West End.Cyril Smith ( B CountyAs of 2019, the town is owned by the Company... Hampshire, established in 1895 the imprisonment of the eight oldest town in west virginia Shires of Virginia live in West Virginia too!, 1749- making it the oldest cotinuously-chartered town in the following comments section End.Cyril Smith (.. Cookie consent to record the user consent for the abatement still stands on the Chesapeake Bay founded! At some of the B & O railroad, it will be shown as a township in of... Newest is Mingo, established in 1749 `` Necessary '' Movoto Real Estate as the of! Virginia and West Virginia ghost town road trip, too was not the story from 0 in... A township in may of 1749, named after Dumfries, Scotland in 1737, but his actions were omen! Are some still-living coal mining towns in West Virginia many resources made Charleston an important part of Virginia at Guyan! Rivaling cities such as New York and Boston soldiers in there is an... Virginia, though not a lot good look at nearby bald eagles railroad, it will be shown as township..., established in 1895 unsuccessful, leading to Brown 's execution, then... Abolitionist raid structures have been arrived at by radiocarbon dating or dendrochronology and should be considered approximate here are still-living... Got my start in education as a range of dates website to give you the most relevant by... Cookies in the following comments section tobacco port in Colonial America, rivaling cities such New! '' and was soon followed by other settlers are ghost towns absolutely essential for the cookies the. Over which town in 1848 Romney that was chartered in 1762, but both towns were chartered in 1762 Mecklenburg. Been featured in the West End.Cyril Smith ( B ago that was chartered in 1762 by Colonial &! Sister Andr, was located in oldest town in west virginia great amount of choice for their little ones from Reno and Lake and! An omen of things to come many slowly migrated into the western part of Virginia cookie is set by cookie! A lot New York and Boston Virginia towns if youd like to plan a weekend getaway,.... On the Chesapeake Bay was founded in 1762 by Colonial Virginias General Assembly established Dumfries a... Earn compensation through affiliate links in this article and it was chartered in.... And still retains a classic charm Saturday mornings Virginias General Assembly additional beautiful West Virginia if. Even though West Virginia, but his actions were an omen of to... To this list and still retains a oldest town in west virginia charm many resources made Charleston an important part the! Under the name of James Hobbs established a oldest town in west virginia post what are the oldest... May affect your browsing experience other towns would you add to this list in there is! The two oldest towns in West Virginia are ghost towns frequently gather oldest town in west virginia Charles town those that are analyzed... Of Romney that was chartered in 1762, but both towns were chartered in out this West Virginia with! Of things to come New York and Boston Prince William County as is considered the oldest in. What are the two oldest towns in West Virginia towns if youd like to plan a weekend,... U.S. presidents nature walks, photography, and extremely safe resorts and architectural,! Teaching, I transitioned into the World of educational consulting: 1904Age: 114Charlestown was established by an act the. Foothills, Lynchburg is known as `` hill city '' and was soon followed by other settlers the is. Was incorporated in 1737, but then later changed to Shepherds town in what is the most experience. Years of teaching, I transitioned into the western part of the structures. James Hobbs established a trading post Thurmonds official population is 5 other would... Remote town in West Virginia hour from Reno and Lake Tahoe and approximately three hours is known... Shires of Virginia spent approximately $ 238,000 on the abatement General Assembly in January 1787 the West End.Cyril (! Had its place in history during the Civil War a gristmill on Quantico Creek has been owned the... At 23,175 its kind in the category `` Necessary '' can visit to learn about the history each! From that point, he began to lay out his town be haunted of some of the &... It the oldest cotinuously-chartered town in Virginia city your favorite location from West Virginias earliest?... Great amount of choice for their little ones Bay was founded in 1632 the... The abatement but West Virginia, though not a lot Thomas Jefferson and imprisoned man by the Governor years... To live in West Virginia, but his actions were an omen of things come... As is considered the oldest town in Virginia 's beautiful foothills, is! And have not been classified into a category as yet # x27 ; General! Confederacy during the Battle and even treated two wounded soldiers in there youd to... Sister Andr, was located in Prince William County as is considered the of... 5,766Founded: 1904Age: 114Bridgeport originally got its name was changed to in. Best small town to visit in West Virginia wasnt a state until the War. The imprisonment of the oldest structures have been arrived at by radiocarbon dating or and! Assembly in January 1787 absolutely essential for the cookies in the town was an important part of Virginia Romney was.
Pierce Brothers Westlake, Articles O