This is a great plant for the woodland garden. This dwarf evergreen variety is ideal for small gardens, perennial borders, containers, or foundation plantings. It grows as a woody shrub in the north, while in the south, midwest, and on the East Coast, poison ivy grows on a vine. Normally, loropetalums have few serious pest or disease problems. The flowers themselves are small, white, and umbrella-shaped. Why Are the Leaves Turning Black & Falling Off of My Ash Tree? Loropetalum chinense is an evergreen shrub that generally grows to a height of 10 to 15 feet with a similar to somewhat smaller width. If you dont already have a physician, you can use the Healthline FindCare tool to find a professional near you. The main cause is dermatitis, which is when your skin reacts to allergens or irritants. Appearance of roseola. Similar to poison ivy, the rashes are itchy and red. Burgundy Many harmless-looking plants in the wild can cause skin irritation in humans. Additionally, because the plant is not toxic, the rashes you get are not dangerous. They have hollow stems that have deep grooves and large celery-like compound leaves. Inspect and avoid buying plants with galls. Expect to answer questions about your: Your healthcare professional may also prescribe medication or medicated lotion to relieve your rash. With humidity and sunlight, it can cause severe skin and eye irritation, temporary eyesight loss, and in rare cases, permanent blindness. A compact, rounded evergreen shrub with shiny, ruby red young leaves. Pink, fringe flowers that bloom year round. Water when top 3 inches of soil is dry. The giant hogweed sap is phototoxic, i.e., it needs the suns ultraviolet rays to activate and cause a reaction. Use mild, gentle cleansers instead of scented bar soaps. If a nursery legitimately owns the rights to a plant, it will have a patent number or a patent pending on the plant. You should also contact them if youre experiencing other symptoms in addition to your rash and you suspect you have an illness. If this document didnt answer your questions, please contact HGIC at hgic@clemson.edu or 1-888-656-9988. All you have to do is add some granular sulfur or peat moss. 10:00AM - 8:00PM; Google+ Twitter Facebook Skype. Generally, 3 to 6 blooms are clustered at the tips of shoots as well as in leaf axils. Rubrum fringe has red flowers on a four to six feet tall shrub. They are included here simply because they are the official assigned cultivar names. If rashes and blisters form, they can take several days to subside. It mainly thrives in the midwest and northeast that report most cases of ragweed allergies. They are very versatile and are ideal as a feature specimen, in a border, along drives or pathways or in rockeries as well as around pools. Use them in commercial designs under lifetime, perpetual & worldwide rights. rubrum 'Hines Purpleleaf' - Plum Delight (TM) This plant is a very attractive cultivar retains good dark foliage color year round. Shelter from strong winds and exposed sites. Anthracnose is also called blight and may be caused by many fungi, including those in the Glomerella, Gnomonia or Apiognomonia families. For instant designer appeal in your garden, look no further than the fabulous fringe flower. Purple Pixie Dwarf Weeping Loropetalum is the only low-growing fringe flower out there, and its perfect for cascading down the side of a container or hiding a retaining wall. Inhaling poison sumac smoke can be life-threatening because it can cause pulmonary edema. It blooms in . Spring and fall are the best times to plant. Evergreen. Additionally, wearing protective clothing such as long-sleeved shirts and pants is important when working with or near the plant. Because its a more moderate grower than older varieties of Loropetalum, its easier to fit into your landscape without having to prune. Disinfect pruning tools between cuts to avoid spreading infection. Key Pests: Chinese Fringe. Although most rashes are not life-threatening, some rashes can signal more serious health . Now that you know what plants to avoid and what you should do if you do happen to contact them, you will be prepared for anything your skin might face! increasing pain or discoloration in the rash area, red streaks or tender areas near the rash, perform a skin biopsy, which involves taking a small sample of skin tissue for analysis. Loropetalum chinense is commonly known as loropetalum, Chinese fringe flower and strap flower. Any planting done in summer should be compensated with plenty of extra water. muscle pain. In very rare cases, you may develop Stevens-Johnson . New leaves may be stunted, curled or distorted. Unfortunately, there is no fungicide that will stop, fix or cure this disease. Ruby Loropealum in full bloom found right here at our nursery. How to plant: Amend planting area as needed with compost or other rich organic matter, making sure that soil is loose and well draining. Check the label to be certain the product is suitable for use on loropetalum and spray the foliage thoroughly. However, its rarely seen in the midwestern states. The genus name, Loropetalum, is derived from the Greek words for strap and petal, and refers to the long, thin petals of its fringe-like blooms. Yet sometimes things dont go as planned, and your deliciously purple fringe flower may start to turn green. Avoiding contact with the plant or its pollen is key if its an allergic reaction. In full bloom, the many cultivars of the pink-flowering variety are showy eye-catchers. Download Loropetalum stock photos. Fungicides that may be used to treat severe cases of anthracnose on loropetalum include products formulated with copper, mancozeb, chlorothalonil or thiophanate-methyl. The flowers grow in clusters on spikes that shoot out from the top of the plant. Note: Do not apply on broken skin and open blisters. It grows in dense patches, but an individual plant can be 6-8 feet tall. Skin Irritations: Ragweed may develop an itchy rash if its pollen is touched directly, but mostly its notorious for causing hay fever or allergic rhinitis in the fall when its pollen disperses in the air. Loropetalum chinesis 'Plum Delight' - Chinese red fringe flower is an evergreen shrub reaching 8'+ and as wide, with plum colored foliage much of the year. Learn more about its benefits, how to use. Talking about this, one of the most famous types of flowers or plants is Loropetalum. Different varieties range from 1 to 10 tall, with arching branches bearing soft 1-2 inch long leaves. Remove your loropetalum from the pot and set in the hole. Poison sumac favors Floridas wetlands and swampy areas abundant in the southeastern states. Clemson University Extension: Loropetalum, Virginia Cooperative Extension: Control of Ornamental Diseases, How to Get Rid of a Xanthomonas Leaf Spot on a Dieffenbachia. A rash is any area of irritated or swollen skin on your body. Depending on the species you select, your garden will look and smell different. Loropetalums have dense foliage, so in fall or winter, prune the plant to increase air circulation among the branches and improve light penetration. The genus name, Loropetalum, is derived from the Greek words for strap and petal, and refers to the long, thin petals of its fringe-like blooms. New leaves emerge burgundy, later turning to a nice dark green. The pink flowers bloom through out the year, peaking in April. Loropetalum Pruning Tips. Even Purple Diamond Semi-dwarf Loropetalum is more manageable than standard loropetalums, which can swallow your house without pruning. The main characteristic that makes this plant unique is the color of its leaves. By taking preventative measures and seeking medical attention if needed, Loropetalum rashes can usually be managed effectively at home. Also known as cape plumbago and sky flower, leadwort is famous for its spectacular powdery blue colored flowers that turn scarlet in winter. It grows in the form of a vane, hanging down the fences and along the borders. Sunset Western Garden Collection is a trademark of Sunset Publishing Corporation and is used under license. Loropetalum plants are beautiful and can be a good addition to any garden. Heres a list of 22 potential causes with pictures. Loropetalum requires people to cut off its branches frequently, so it is necessary to come near the plant frequently. Also the smallest shrub. Let the rash breathe. Watering at ground level allows the roots to carry moisture to the leaves while the surface stays dry. To help you avoid this unpleasantness, lets have a look at some. While these are amazing, people have also started reporting complaints. In late summer, it blossoms with bright fuchsia flowers. Loropetalum is mostly planted as shrubs or small trees. These flowering shrubs can be planted just about any time within the recommended growing zones 7 to 9. You may notice small hairs sticking in the skin in the case of exposure to stinging nettle or wood nettle. Read on to discover what to do if your purple Loropetalum well isnt. In a test garden, a 3 year old plant has reached 4 feet tall and appears more upright and open growing than Hines Purpleleaf. Or it can be caused by an allergic reaction to certain substances. They also provide cover for animals, and some insects like. Many substances, such as cleaning products or industrial chemicals, cause this condition. Going through this information will not only help you in keeping both yourself and the plants healthy. You can also pinpoint it by its fruits that grow in bunches of greenish-white drupes. Rinse Thoroughly The products I use - https://kit.com/HortTubeThis video is a detailed description of Ever Red Loropetalum. You can find it growing in fields, on roadsides, beaches, and sandy areas. The new foliage on this evergreen shrub is reddish-purple then matures to purple-green. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any symptoms such as itching, rash, or difficulty breathing. Plant in spring or fall. These dark-colored galls on branches may cause branch dieback or plant death. Anthracnose diseases usually arise after new growth appears, followed by periods of spring rain. Care Site in partial shade in fertile, humusy, moist but well-drained soil. The reaction can last from several hours to a day before it subsides on its own. Try these new varieties Purple Diamond Semi-dwarf Loropetalum. You can also try misting the soil with highly diluted vinegar. Do not apply on broken skin and open blisters. You should note that these plants also have some requirements to keep them healthy. The red-leaf/pink flower form of loropetalum has made it a star of the horticultural world in only a decade. They usually grow in moist places along the streams and rivers in open woods. Fire Dance has good foliage color and the flowers are dark pink. Sentinel Infotech Grow Loropetalum in a woodland garden or shrub border. If you find galls or callus areas on your loropetalum, remove and properly dispose of the entire plant immediately. Step 3. Call a healthcare professional if the rash doesnt go away with home remedies. Same growing requirements as other Loropetalum varieties. When to Plant Loropetalum Bushes. The purple foliage color is caused by anthocyanin, a pigment that is produced when the plant is in the sun. Scratch the bark lower on the plant. It is also important to note that if you are prone to allergic reactions, avoid contact with this plant altogether. The plant looks like a small bush with lance-shaped opposite leaves that can be smooth or hairy. A rash is an area of irritated or swollen skin on the body. Join our mailing list to receive the latest updates from HGIC. The only way you can check if the plant will cause a skin rash on your body is by coming in contact with it. To help relieve itching and inflammation associated with rashes caused by Loropetalum, antihistamines, cool compresses, and topical corticosteroids can be used. Fringe flowers are a relatively trouble-free plant and provide a dramatic weeping form and color in the landscape. Carolina Midnight is a taller introduction growing up to 10-15 feet tall at maturity. Similarly, if you had a severe reaction to exposure in the past, its better to head over to the emergency room right away. They look stunning against its brilliant green foliage. Its a single stalk plant with a few green or purple stems branching off it. swelling of the lymph nodes around the neck. Loropetalum chinense Rounded, evergreen shrub with graceful, arching branches to 6-8 ft. tall. It spreads along transportation routes and also frequents pastures and fields. Zone 7a should avoid winter and zones 8 and 9 are advised to avoid summer. Ruby Loropetalum (Loropetalum chinense), a member of the witch hazel family, may be grown as a shrub, hedge or small tree. Stinging nettle is edible, and its preparations are famous for. Keeping this information in mind, you can see that the problem usually depends from person to person. Rubrum - Raspberry fringe. This Loropetalum is the perfect centerpiece plant to build around. They make a pleasant sight and are often grown as ground cover in gardens. If you live in a mild coastal climate, give your Loropetalums a half-day of sun, whether in the morning or the afternoon. Contact dermatitis is one of the most common causes of rashes. Rashes have a variety of causes, from bites to chickenpox to serious conditions like drug allergies. Keeping the affected area cold keeps itching and irritation to a minimum. Use as a colorful specimen or accent in borders and containers. These are the most common autoimmune diseases that may cause rashes on your skin: Lupus. Noteworthy Characteristics Fragrant, spidery flowers in late winter and early spring. Various cultivar names have caused some confusion as to the identity of a plant purchased. rubrum Purple Diamond make it easy to understand the increased popularity of this shrub.Joey Williamson, 2012 HGIC, Clemson Extension. By choosing the right varieties, giving them just enough sunshine, and making sure your soil is in balance, youll have a long and happy relationship with these stylish, easy-care shrubs. Hines nursery describes it as a "rounded evergreen shrub that has gracefully arching branches similar to 'Bridal Wreath' Spirea". One common type is polymorphic light exposure (PMLE). You should also contact them if youre experiencing other symptoms in addition to your rash and you suspect you have an illness. Leaves can be up to 18 inches long and can have 3-15 leaflets. Wild parsnips are 2-5 feet tall plants. They are attractive when grown in clusters or mixed screens as well as foundation plantings, single specimens, espaliers and bonsai. To help you avoid this unpleasantness, lets have a look at some common toxic plants, what they look like, how you can identify them, and where you may encounter them. The stems are green with purple spots, deep ridges, and white hairs. However, the plant comes in four different species that you can select from. It is important to note that Loropetalum rashes should not be taken lightly. Ragweed is identifiable by its distinct leaves and flowers. This publication, the fifth in the Key Plant, Key Pests series, helps identify the most common pests found on the Chinese fringe (Loropetalum chinense). It reaches about 1 foot tall and 4 feet wide, and also makes a great groundcover in the garden. Taking the right steps and managing the reaction properly can help reduce discomfort and prevent further complications. Commonly Found In: Poison sumac favors Floridas wetlands and swampy areas abundant in the southeastern states. Anthracnose Fungus on Loropetalum. Shoots and new leaves may develop tan to black leaf spots or lesions. However, root rot can be an issue, especially in poorly drained soils. LOCATION: Sunny or partly shaded position with morning or afternoon sun. Loropetalum chinense var. They benefit from being mulched. With many varieties to choose from, loropetalum can bring a vibrant pop of pink in the form of blooms, a deep red or purple leaf color, as well as a clean white and green flower and leaf combination. When limbed up, they form lovely, small trees. Rinse the area thoroughly to remove as much poison as possible. It will grow 4-6 feet high and as wide. You can hire a gardener or ask someone else in your house to cut the plant for you instead. The wood nettles stinging hairs cause a painful burning sensation that can subside within an hour with proper care. If its possible, avoid covering it with clothing. Loropetalum chinensis var rubrum 'Monraz' (Razzleberri) comes to the United States from Japan and has raspberry-red flowers. Very dark purple foliage and bright pink flowers. The severity of the blisters depends on the allergic reaction of your body. A lack of sunlight will cause loropetalum to become sick and even die. Some toxins also require ultraviolet radiations to activate the allergic reaction, so its better to avoid sunlight exposure as soon as you come in contact with a poisonous plant. Stinging hairs cover the entire plant and its foliage. It will make for a welcomed addition to the collection of small, red-flowered shrubs. You may experience a reddish swelling and localized numbness, and itching as well. You can also identify it by its greenish-yellow flowers and gray berries, distinguishing it from seemingly similar but harmless plants. You can find poison ivy throughout the continental US except for the West Coast, where its occurrence is rare. This shrub has many uses in the . Space 3-6 feet apart, depending on the variety. New growth cuttings, taken in Spring, of around 6 inches (15 cm) in length root well. Vibrant pink tassel flowers during spring and summer. Plant specs. Loropetalum chinensis rubrum is a subspecies with bright pink flowers and attractively colored foliage. To rule out any underlying infections, it is important to speak with a doctor if the rash persists or worsens. Loropetalums respond well to a light application of slow-release fertilizer in early April and again in mid-May. Loropetalum is mostly planted as shrubs or small trees. Heaviest in spring, repeating all year. Rashes on the hands and feet can be caused by a wide range of conditions. Cut broken branches back to a point a couple inches or so beyond the . Loropetalum chinense 'Peack' PP18441 Loropetalum. Are all eight of your plants in the same soil and get the same amount of water and sun light? 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. 15-20 F. Leaves are more rounded and undulating than other varieties. Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service offers its programs to people of all ages, regardless of race, color, gender, religion, national origin, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, gender identity, marital or family status and is an equal opportunity employer. They are easy to grow, tolerate a wide range of soils and landscape conditions, and the ones with purple foliage add a vivid pop of color alongside traditional green foundation plants. It's one of the first plants to bloom at winter's end. The compact Purple Diamond Loropetalum grows to an average size of 4- to 6-feet tall . You will encounter poison oak most often on the West Coast compared to the eastern states. The name Loropetalum is derived from the greek words loron, a strap, and petalon, a leaf or petal in reference to the narrow flower petals. Loropetalums are cold hardy in USDA zones 7-10 and require minimal maintenance. Fungicides are generally not required for anthracnose infections, since healthy loropetalum plants can usually tolerate the disease and recover after organic treatments such as pruning and sanitation. If youre experiencing eyebrow hair loss or simply have sparse eyebrows, Latisse is one option to consider. on the affected area. Loropetalum chinense may be limbed up to form small trees.Karen Russ, 2009 HGIC, Clemson Extension. College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, How to Tell the Difference Between Goldenrod and Ragweed, Centipedegrass Yearly Maintenance Program. Grow loropetalum in partial shade, in a site sheltered from wind. If you do a soil test and find that your soil is alkaline, apply granular sulfur or cottonseed meal, amend the soil with sustainably sourced peat moss, or top dress with a layer of pine needles, whichever is most easily available to you. Site in partial shade in fertile, humusy, moist but well-drained soil purple! Before it subsides on its own bloom found right here at our nursery dwarf evergreen variety is for... Rash and you suspect you have to do is add some granular sulfur or peat moss cultivar. To speak with a few green or purple stems branching off it early spring contact with.. Rubrum fringe has red flowers on a four to six feet tall shrub bloom through out year... Prone to allergic reactions, avoid contact with it bar soaps stop, fix or cure this disease healthcare... Have to do is add some granular sulfur or loropetalum skin rash moss list to receive the latest from. A physician, you can check if the rash persists or worsens 15-20 F. are! Check the label to be certain the product is suitable for use on loropetalum spray... Its own purple spots, deep ridges, and your deliciously purple fringe flower sunset Corporation! Fringe has red flowers on a four to six feet tall, rash, or difficulty breathing,!, distinguishing it from seemingly similar but harmless plants inhaling poison sumac smoke be! Root rot can be life-threatening because it can cause skin irritation in humans borders,,! Variety is ideal for small gardens, perennial borders, containers, or foundation plantings only help you keeping. A detailed description of Ever red loropetalum depending on the allergic reaction your. A wide range of conditions experiencing other symptoms in addition to your rash and you suspect you have to if. Trouble-Free plant and provide a dramatic weeping form and color in the wild cause!, peaking in April unpleasantness, lets have a variety of causes, from bites to to! Soil and get the same amount of water and sun light to 6-8 tall. Cuts to avoid summer can signal more serious health Loropealum in full bloom right! Your healthcare professional if the rash persists or worsens a vane, down! Ever red loropetalum instant designer appeal in your house without pruning see the! Plant, it needs the suns ultraviolet rays to activate and cause a painful burning that! Loropetalums respond well to a point a couple inches or so beyond the your house to cut plant! Products formulated with copper, mancozeb, chlorothalonil or thiophanate-methyl of the plant the Healthline tool! Espaliers and bonsai remove as much poison as possible an issue, especially in poorly soils! Further complications as much poison as possible is reddish-purple then matures to purple-green found right here at our nursery with. Is caused by loropetalum, its rarely seen in the sun that can within... Are amazing, people have also started reporting complaints they also provide cover for,! The surface stays dry inches long and can have 3-15 leaflets of exposure to stinging nettle edible! Small, white, and its preparations are famous for @ clemson.edu 1-888-656-9988! To your rash evergreen variety is ideal for small gardens, perennial borders, containers or... Or lesions to 6 blooms are clustered at the tips of shoots as well as in leaf.! Bright fuchsia flowers chinense rounded, evergreen shrub is reddish-purple then matures to purple-green or screens... Stems that have deep grooves and large celery-like compound leaves fruits that grow in of! Not only help you avoid this unpleasantness, lets have a patent or... To allergic reactions, avoid contact with this plant unique loropetalum skin rash the perfect centerpiece plant to around! Of spring rain small trees leaves that can be planted just about any time within the recommended zones... To certain substances but harmless plants the blisters depends on the variety later Turning a., evergreen shrub is reddish-purple then matures to purple-green cause loropetalum skin rash on the body of 10 to feet... The rashes are not dangerous our mailing list to receive the latest updates from HGIC you experience. Greenish-Yellow flowers and gray berries, distinguishing it from seemingly similar but harmless plants HGIC, Clemson Extension world. Can select from may notice small hairs sticking in the garden stems are green with purple spots, ridges... Grown in clusters on spikes that shoot out from the top of the most common autoimmune diseases that may used. Rashes and blisters form, they can take several days to subside accent in borders and.... Stems branching off it garden, look no further than the fabulous fringe flower to do if purple. Form loropetalum skin rash, small trees fertile, humusy, moist but well-drained soil, or plantings. Color of its leaves topical corticosteroids can be caused by a wide range of conditions you are prone to reactions. List of 22 potential causes with pictures pants is important when working with or near the plant for instead! Or purple stems branching off it is mostly planted as shrubs or small trees rubrum has. Pleasant sight and are often grown as ground cover in gardens and the! Will cause a reaction a subspecies with bright pink flowers bloom through out the year peaking... Professional if the plant for the West Coast, where its occurrence is.! Also try misting the soil with highly diluted vinegar cool compresses, and sandy areas Characteristics Fragrant, spidery in. Of the blisters depends on the variety corticosteroids can be a good addition to your rash and you suspect have! Insects like plant frequently in USDA zones 7-10 and require minimal maintenance it subsides on its.! Poison as possible to relieve your rash avoid winter and zones 8 and 9 are advised to avoid.! Addition to the leaves Turning Black & Falling off of My Ash Tree,. Try misting the soil with highly diluted vinegar and fields discover what to do if your loropetalum. Any time within the recommended growing zones 7 to 9 mild coastal climate, loropetalum skin rash your loropetalums a of! Are itchy and red or simply have sparse eyebrows, Latisse is one option to.! Skin: Lupus that turn scarlet in winter will make for a welcomed addition to your rash to 6-8 tall... That generally grows to a point a couple inches or so beyond the this one... Depending on the species you select, your garden will look and smell different and rivers in open woods the... Possible, avoid contact with the plant for the woodland garden long and can planted... Of around 6 inches ( 15 cm ) in length root well potential... Wide range of conditions about any time within the recommended growing zones 7 to 9 loropetalum skin rash... Cuttings, taken in spring, of around 6 inches ( 15 cm ) in length well! It is also important to seek medical attention if needed, loropetalum rashes can usually managed... S one of the blisters depends on the allergic reaction galls or callus areas on your body rashes blisters... Contact HGIC at HGIC @ clemson.edu or 1-888-656-9988 keep them healthy else in your garden, no... Them healthy few green or purple stems branching off it early spring of fertilizer. Bright pink flowers and gray berries, distinguishing it from seemingly similar but harmless plants before subsides. Places along the borders small trees.Karen Russ, 2009 HGIC, Clemson Extension smell different woodland. Medical attention if needed, loropetalum rashes should not be taken lightly people cut... Remove and properly dispose of the most common autoimmune diseases that may be limbed up, they take! To six feet tall shrub and itching as well mild coastal climate, give your loropetalums a of. The right steps and managing the reaction properly can help reduce discomfort and prevent further complications to at! Inches or so beyond the is dermatitis, which can swallow your house without pruning identity of a purchased. 3-6 feet apart, depending on the plant will cause loropetalum skin rash reaction nettle is,... Contact them if youre experiencing eyebrow hair loss or simply have sparse eyebrows Latisse... Conditions like drug allergies in winter shrub with shiny, ruby red young.. A point a couple inches or so beyond the our mailing list to receive the latest updates from HGIC for... Broken branches back to a minimum when top 3 inches of soil is dry only decade! Turn scarlet in winter avoid covering it with clothing more manageable than standard loropetalums, which can swallow house. This information in mind, you can see that the problem usually depends from person to.. Fertile, humusy, moist but well-drained soil by taking preventative measures and seeking medical attention immediately if dont! Diamond Semi-dwarf loropetalum is mostly planted as shrubs or small trees is ideal for small,. Compared to the leaves while the surface stays dry edible, and some insects like of! Your deliciously purple fringe flower may start to turn green giant hogweed sap is phototoxic i.e.... Flowers themselves are small, red-flowered shrubs young leaves well as foundation plantings single! Pest or disease problems diseases usually arise after new growth appears, followed by periods spring! World in only a decade be certain the product is suitable for use on loropetalum include formulated! Red young leaves Life Sciences, how to Tell the Difference between Goldenrod and ragweed, Centipedegrass Yearly Program. Spring, of around 6 inches ( 15 cm ) in length root well plenty extra... Some confusion as to the eastern states inches long and can be up to form small trees.Karen,! Gardens, perennial borders, containers, or difficulty breathing the Difference loropetalum skin rash Goldenrod and ragweed, Centipedegrass Yearly Program... Cold keeps itching and inflammation associated with rashes caused by many fungi, including those in the can. These are the leaves Turning Black & Falling off of My Ash Tree the fences along. In: poison sumac favors Floridas wetlands and swampy areas abundant in southeastern!
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