There have been, since the time, many suspicions that Pausanias was actually hired to murder Philip. Marching west into Illyria, Alexander defeated each in turn, forcing the two rulers to flee with their troops. [113] Alexander sent back vast sums from his conquest, which stimulated the economy and increased trade across his empire. WebAlexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia, (born 356 bce, Pella, Macedonia [northwest of Thessalonki, Greece]died June 13, 323 bce, Babylon [near Al-illah, Iraq]), king of Macedonia (336323 bce), who overthrew the Persian empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of Eventually, the two sides reconciled, and after the birth of Alexander IV, he and Philip III were appointed joint kings, albeit in name only. [313] Later Persian writers associate him with philosophy, portraying him at a symposium with figures such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, in search of immortality. WebThe name Alexander is primarily a male name of Greek origin that means Defender Of The People. [136], Discovering that many of his satraps and military governors had misbehaved in his absence, Alexander executed several of them as examples on his way to Susa. Alexander replied that since he was now king of Asia, it was he alone who decided territorial divisions. [62] The one exception was a call to arms by Spartan king Agis III in 331BC, whom Antipater defeated and killed in the battle of Megalopolis. [101] However, as basic forms of community life and the general structure of government were maintained and resuscitated by Alexander under his own rule, he, in the words of the Iranologist Pierre Briant "may therefore be considered to have acted in many ways as the last of the Achaemenids. Conquest of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, Unsuccessful plan to cut a canal through the Anatolian isthmus, Naming of the Icarus island in the Persian Gulf, The first known person to call Alexander "the Great" was a Roman playwright named, Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009), A History of Macedonia: Volume III: 336167 B.C. Asian Studies. "[263] This inscription is one of the few independent archaeological discoveries confirming an episode from Alexander's life. [177][178][179] In addition, Leosthenes, also, likened the anarchy between the generals, after Alexander's death, to the blinded Cyclops "who after he had lost his eye went feeling and groping about with his hands before him, not knowing where to lay them". on the country in which you live. Vocabulary. [128] The other was Nicaea (Victory), thought to be located at the site of modern-day Mong, Punjab. Buy Now. He is known as 'the great' both for his [308] One well-known fable among Greek seamen involves a solitary mermaid who would grasp a ship's prow during a storm and ask the captain "Is King Alexander alive?" [100] The Achaemenid Empire is normally considered to have fallen with Darius. Alexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: , romanized:Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great,[a] was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. CITY COUNCIL / PLANNING & ZONING. Asian Studies. [233] Thus, rather than megalomania, his behaviour may have been a practical attempt at strengthening his rule and keeping his empire together. He overcame this by being personally involved in battle,[89] in the manner of a Macedonian king. [198] The ancient historian Aelian (c.175 c.235 AD), in his Varia Historia (12.14), describes Alexander's hair color as "", that could mean yellowish, reddish or brownish. According to Diodorus, Alexander's last plans called for military expansion into the southern and western Mediterranean, monumental constructions, and the intermixing of Eastern and Western populations. Was it Veratrum album? [199][198] Nevertheless, Andrew Stewart highlights the fact that artistic portraits, not least because of who they are commissioned by, are always partisan, and that artistic portrayals of Alexander "seek to legitimize him (or, by extension, his Successors), to interpret him to their audiences, to answer their critiques, and to persuade them of his greatness", and thus should be considered within a framework of "praise and blame", in the same way sources such as praise poetry are. Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). Ancient commentators were divided about whether the ambitious Olympias promulgated the story of Alexander's divine parentage, variously claiming that she had told Alexander, or that she dismissed the suggestion as impious. UPCOMING EVENTS. Meanwhile, the city of Amphissa began to work lands that were sacred to Apollo near Delphi, a sacrilege that gave Philip the opportunity to further intervene in Greek affairs. [220] He had great self-restraint in "pleasures of the body", in contrast with his lack of self-control with alcohol. The famous encounter between Alexander and Diogenes the Cynic occurred during Alexander's stay in Corinth. FIRE DEPT. [212][213] Reconstruction of the original polychromy of the relief with Alexander on the sarcophagus shows him with brown eyes and chestnut brown hair. He invited the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara (a region presently straddling eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan), to come to him and submit to his authority. [295] Caligula, who could not swim,[296] then proceeded to ride his favourite horse Incitatus across, wearing the breastplate of Alexander the Great. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC. Alexander of Aphrodisias. [162] Another recent analysis suggested pyogenic (infectious) spondylitis or meningitis. The advance was successful and broke Darius's center, causing the latter to flee once again. [196] In India, confronted by Porus's elephant corps, the Macedonians opened their ranks to envelop the elephants and used their sarissas to strike upwards and dislodge the elephants' handlers. There, his closest friend, Hephaestion, died of illness or poisoning. Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia is known as one of the greatest generals in all history. The name Alexander is also found throughout the New Testament, and there are dozens of Christian saints who bear the name. The earliest of these is Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC), followed by Quintus Curtius Rufus (mid-to-late 1st century AD), Arrian (1st to 2nd century AD), the biographer Plutarch (1st to 2nd century AD), and finally Justin, whose work dated as late as the 4th century. This ensured that Alexander would not be outflanked, while his phalanx, armed with long pikes, had a considerable advantage over the Persians' scimitars and javelins. [47][48][49], Alexander began his reign by eliminating potential rivals to the throne. Alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mould of Achilles, featuring prominently in the historical and mythical traditions of both Greek and non-Greek cultures. When Alexander learned about this, he was furious. [284] The emperor Trajan also admired Alexander, as did Nero and Caracalla. Moreover, that a very pleasant odour exhaled from his skin and that there was a fragrance about his mouth and all his flesh, so that his garments were filled with it, this we have read in the Memoirs of Aristoxenus. He reportedly read this passage to his patron King Lysimachus, who had been one of Alexander's generals and who quipped, "I wonder where I was at the time. [180], Alexander's death was so sudden that when reports of his death reached Greece, they were not immediately believed. When the animal died (because of old age, according to Plutarch, at age thirty), Alexander named a city after him, Bucephala. [162], Alexander's body was laid in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus that was filled with honey, which was in turn placed in a gold casket. [97] As Alexander approached, Bessus had his men fatally stab the Great King and then declared himself Darius's successor as Artaxerxes V, before retreating into Central Asia to launch a guerrilla campaign against Alexander. [43] However, it appears Philip never intended to disown his politically and militarily trained son. [232] However, Alexander also was a pragmatic ruler who understood the difficulties of ruling culturally disparate peoples, many of whom lived in kingdoms where the king was divine. [261], The city of Pella, in modern Jordan, was founded by veterans of Alexander's army, and named it after the city of Pella, in Greece, which was the birthplace of Alexander. [17] Contemporaries who wrote accounts of his life included Alexander's campaign historian Callisthenes; Alexander's generals Ptolemy and Nearchus; Aristobulus, a junior officer on the campaigns; and Onesicritus, Alexander's chief helmsman. These Greco-Buddhist kingdoms sent some of the first Buddhist missionaries to China, Sri Lanka and Hellenistic Asia and Europe (Greco-Buddhist monasticism). [269] Aspects of Hellenistic culture were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-15th century.[274]. [263] The temple was designed by Pytheos, one of the architects of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. [152], The strongest argument against the poison theory is the fact that twelve days passed between the start of his illness and his death; such long-acting poisons were probably not available. Thus, in Bactria and Sogdiana, Alexander successfully used his javelin throwers and archers to prevent outflanking movements, while massing his cavalry at the center. "[55] At Corinth, Alexander took the title of Hegemon ("leader") and, like Philip, was appointed commander for the coming war against Persia. Alexander himself took selected troops on the direct route to the city. The Hellenistic period developed through the Roman Empire into modern Western culture; the Greek language became the lingua franca of the region and was the predominant language of the Byzantine Empire up until its collapse in the mid-15th century AD. Biology. Alexander, the King of Macedonia and one of the greatest army leaders in the history of warfare, conquers much of the known world. [116] Alexander minted gold staters, silver tetradrachms and drachims, and various fractional bronze coins. [17], Alexander's most immediate legacy was the introduction of Macedonian rule to huge new swathes of Asia. This is in line with the description of him given by the Greek biographer Plutarch (c. 45 c.120AD): The outward appearance of Alexander is best represented by the statues of him which Lysippus made, and it was by this artist alone that Alexander himself thought it fit that he should be modelled. Bucephalas carried Alexander as far as India. [234], Alexander married three times: Roxana, daughter of the Sogdian nobleman Oxyartes of Bactria,[235][236][237] out of love;[238] and the Persian princesses Stateira and Parysatis, the former a daughter of Darius III and the latter a daughter of Artaxerxes III, for political reasons. While there, he encountered a statue of Alexander the Great, and realised with dissatisfaction that he was now at an age when Alexander had the world at his feet, while he had achieved comparatively little. [258] This process can be seen in such great Hellenistic cities as Alexandria, Antioch[269] and Seleucia (south of modern Baghdad). Leaving Egypt in 331BC, Alexander marched eastward into Achaemenid Assyria in Upper Mesopotamia (now northern Iraq) and defeated Darius again at the Battle of Gaugamela. WebAlexander 23 Hate Me If It Helps [Official Music Video] Alexander 23 Aint Christmast (with Laufey) [Official Lyric Video] AFTERSHOCK HOODIE $60.00. The horse refused to be mounted, and Philip ordered it away. UPCOMING EVENTS. [228][229], He appears to have believed himself a deity, or at least sought to deify himself. His official historian, Callisthenes of Olynthus, was implicated in the plot, and in the Anabasis of Alexander, Arrian states that Callisthenes and the pages were then tortured on the rack as punishment, and likely died soon after. "[102], Alexander viewed Bessus as a usurper and set out to defeat him. Any other answer would cause the mermaid to turn into a raging Gorgon who would drag the ship to the bottom of the sea, all hands aboard. [310] Firdausi's Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings") includes Alexander in a line of legitimate Persian shahs, a mythical figure who explored the far reaches of the world in search of the Fountain of Youth. [35] At Corinth, Philip established a "Hellenic Alliance" (modelled on the old anti-Persian alliance of the Greco-Persian Wars), which included most Greek city-states except Sparta. From Pamphylia onwards the coast held no major ports and Alexander moved inland. [80] Henceforth, Alexander often referred to Zeus-Ammon as his true father, and after his death, currency depicted him adorned with the Horns of Ammon as a symbol of his divinity. Some of these alternate spellings include Alejandro, Alessandro, and Alexzander. The campaign took Alexander through Media, Parthia, Aria (West Afghanistan), Drangiana, Arachosia (South and Central Afghanistan), Bactria (North and Central Afghanistan), and Scythia. For other uses, see. After the assassination of Perdiccas in 321BC, Macedonian unity collapsed, and 40years of war between "The Successors" (Diadochi) ensued before the Hellenistic world settled into four stable power blocs: Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Mesopotamia and Central Asia, Attalid Anatolia, and Antigonid Macedon. Darius fled the battle, causing his army to collapse, and left behind his wife, his two daughters, his mother Sisygambis, and a fabulous treasure. [70], In spring 333 BC, Alexander crossed the Taurus into Cilicia. The Athenians, led by Demosthenes, voted to seek alliance with Thebes against Macedonia. WebThe story is an epic that is as daring and ambitious as its subject, a relentless conqueror who by the age of 32 had amassed the greatest empire the world had ever seen. [273] Koine spread throughout the Hellenistic world, becoming the lingua franca of Hellenistic lands and eventually the ancestor of modern Greek. Caligula was said to have taken Alexander's breastplate from the tomb for his own use. With the Athenians lost, the Thebans were surrounded. WebAlexander Forbes is committed to protecting the integrity of all client information within an international best practice compliance framework. This campaign, initially against Bessus, turned into a grand tour of central Asia. FIRE DEPT. In the area of architecture, a few examples of the Ionic order can be found as far as Pakistan with the Jandial temple near Taxila. Alexander followed close behind and captured the strategic hill-fort after four bloody days. WebAlexander Colleges student information system is called MyAC. [124] Alexander was impressed by Porus's bravery, and made him an ally. [71] He offered a peace treaty that included the lands he had already lost, and a ransom of 10,000 talents for his family. Also, the New Testament was written in the Koine Greek language. Alexander was the son of King Philip II of Macedonia, a realm north of Greece. WebTel: 540-443-9250 Hours: 8:00 4:30 EST M-F Email: support@alexanderarms.com Address: 104 Centre Court, Radford, VA 24141 He developed a life-long love of reading and ", Peter Turchin, Thomas D. Hall and Jonathan M. Adams, ", Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, pp 158. This is the most popular grill steak in the country. [171] The recent discovery of an enormous tomb in northern Greece, at Amphipolis, dating from the time of Alexander the Great[172] has given rise to speculation that its original intent was to be the burial place of Alexander. Gaugamela would be the final and decisive encounter between the two. [298] Pliny the Elder adds that the planned distance was 12 kilometres (7.5mi), and the purpose was to cut a canal through the isthmus to connect the Caystrian and Hermaean bays. [153] Olympias always insisted to him that he was the son of Zeus,[230] a theory apparently confirmed to him by the oracle of Amun at Siwa. [17] [284] The Macriani, a Roman family that in the person of Macrinus briefly ascended to the imperial throne, kept images of Alexander on their persons, either on jewellery, or embroidered into their clothes. He developed a life-long love of reading and [40] During the wedding banquet, a drunken Attalus publicly prayed to the gods that the union would produce a legitimate heir. [275] Several Buddhist traditions may have been influenced by the ancient Greek religion: the concept of Boddhisatvas is reminiscent of Greek divine heroes,[278] and some Mahayana ceremonial practices (burning incense, gifts of flowers, and food placed on altars) are similar to those practised by the ancient Greeks; however, similar practices were also observed amongst the native Indic culture. [12], Several legends surround Alexander's birth and childhood. [102] Alexander wrote a letter in 332 BC to Darius III, wherein he argued that he was worthier than Darius "to succeed to the Achaemenid throne". [314], The Syriac version of the Alexander Romance portrays him as an ideal Christian world conqueror who prayed to "the one true God". HOME. [271], The core of the Hellenistic culture promulgated by the conquests was essentially Athenian. [118] There are both Greek and non-Greek aspects to this design. Communications. [216], Alexander's legacy extended beyond his military conquests, and his reign marked a turning point in European and Asian history. The successor states that emerged were, at least initially, dominant forces, and these 300years are often referred to as the Hellenistic period. WebAlexanders Normal, IL: Dinner Menu: Friday, Saturday & Sunday Lunch Menu 11a-4p: N/A: Wine List: Wines by the Glass: Kids Menu : Ribeye. Philip deliberately commanded his troops to retreat, counting on the untested Athenian hoplites to follow, thus breaking their line. [62], After his victory at the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC), Philip II began the work of establishing himself as hgemn (Greek: ) of a league which according to Diodorus was to wage a campaign against the Persians for the sundry grievances Greece suffered in 480 and free the Greek cities of the western coast and islands from Achaemenid rule. [251] Two of these pregnancies Stateira's and Barsine's are of dubious legitimacy. [56], Before crossing to Asia, Alexander wanted to safeguard his northern borders. [127] Alexander founded two cities on opposite sides of the Hydaspes river, naming one Bucephala, in honour of his horse, who died around this time. [159][160] Another poisoning explanation put forward in 2010 proposed that the circumstances of his death were compatible with poisoning by water of the river Styx (modern-day Mavroneri in Arcadia, Greece) that contained calicheamicin, a dangerous compound produced by bacteria. Subsequently, however, the two rivals were reconciled by the personal mediation of Alexander; and Taxiles, after having contributed zealously to the equipment of the fleet on the Hydaspes, was entrusted by the king with the government of the whole territory between that river and the Indus. As a young boy, Alexander was taught to read, write, and play the lyre. CITY COUNCIL / PLANNING & ZONING. [256] His campaigns greatly increased contacts and trade between East and West, and vast areas to the east were significantly exposed to Greek civilization and influence. [47][49][52], News of Philip's death roused many states into revolt, including Thebes, Athens, Thessaly, and the Thracian tribes north of Macedon. [273] Furthermore, town planning, education, local government, and art current in the Hellenistic period were all based on Classical Greek ideals, evolving into distinct new forms commonly grouped as Hellenistic. Alexander's death left unexecuted an additional series of planned military and mercantile campaigns that would have begun with a Greek invasion of Arabia. Custom promotional products for any budget. Our Information Technology systems are continually tested and strengthened to ensure protection of all client information. [188] Other scholars have proposed that they were invented by later authors within the tradition of the Alexander Romance. [181], During his final years, and especially after the death of Hephaestion, Alexander began to exhibit signs of megalomania and paranoia. [102] The latter were in many cases additionally connected through marriage alliances with the royal Achaemenid family. [214], Both of Alexander's parents encouraged his ambitions. Its finely-grained structure lends a smooth, rich, beefy flavor. [102] Against Bessus (Artaxerxes V) however, Briant adds, Alexander reasserted "his claim to legitimacy as the avenger of Darius III". [195] Alexander personally led the charge in the center, routing the opposing army. [310] In this tradition, he was a heroic figure who built a wall to defend against the nations of Gog and Magog. [102] However, Alexander's eventual decision to burn the Achaemenid palace at Persepolis in conjunction with the major rejection and opposition of the "entire Persian people" made it impracticable for him to pose himself as Darius' legitimate successor. [200] Despite those caveats, Lysippos's sculpture, famous for its naturalism, as opposed to a stiffer, more static pose, is thought to be the most faithful depiction.[201]. It is one of a group of disorders, called leukodystrophies, that involve the destruction of myelin. [153] His extraordinary achievements, coupled with his own ineffable sense of destiny and the flattery of his companions, may have combined to produce this effect. [129] Philostratus the Elder in the Life of Apollonius of Tyana writes that in the army of Porus there was an elephant who fought brave against Alexander's army and Alexander dedicated it to the Helios (Sun) and named it Ajax, because he thought that a so great animal deserved a great name. [42] Alexander reacted by sending an actor, Thessalus of Corinth, to tell Pixodarus that he should not offer his daughter's hand to an illegitimate son, but instead to Alexander. Further south, at Halicarnassus, in Caria, Alexander successfully waged his first large-scale siege, eventually forcing his opponents, the mercenary captain Memnon of Rhodes and the Persian satrap of Caria, Orontobates, to withdraw by sea. Biology. Alexander was proclaimed king on the spot by the nobles and army at the age of 20. Osprey Publishing. Suspicion has fallen upon Alexander, Olympias and even the newly crowned Persian Emperor, Darius III. [13], In his early years, Alexander was raised by a nurse, Lanike, sister of Alexander's future general Cleitus the Black. He had his cousin, the former Amyntas IV, executed. in Pella, Macedonia, to King Philip II. Commerce. attempt". [32] Philip marched on Amphissa (ostensibly acting on the request of the Amphictyonic League), capturing the mercenaries sent there by Demosthenes and accepting the city's surrender. [153][162], Alexander's sexuality has been the subject of speculation and controversy in modern times. They refused to be sent away and criticized his adoption of Persian customs and dress and the introduction of Persian officers and soldiers into Macedonian units. Even as he watched the city burn, Alexander immediately began to regret his decision. WebThe story is an epic that is as daring and ambitious as its subject, a relentless conqueror who by the age of 32 had amassed the greatest empire the world had ever seen. A considerable accession of power was granted him after the death of Philip, son of Machatas; and he was allowed to retain his authority at the death of Alexander himself (323 BC), as well as in the subsequent partition of the provinces at Triparadisus, 321 BC. [14] Plutarch offered a variety of interpretations for these dreams: that Olympias was pregnant before her marriage, indicated by the sealing of her womb; or that Alexander's father was Zeus. GERIN Dominique, GRANDJEAN Catherine, AMANDRY Michel, DE CALLATAY Franois, La monnaie grecque, "L'Antiquit: une histoire", Ellipse, 2001. p117-119. Ernst Badian argued that they were exaggerated by Perdiccas in order to ensure that the Macedonian troops voted not to carry them out. WebAlexander disease is a rare disorder of the nervous system. 336-323 BC. [231] He began to identify himself as the son of Zeus-Ammon. [231] Alexander adopted elements of Persian dress and customs at court, notably proskynesis, which was one aspect of Alexander's broad strategy aimed at securing the aid and support of the Iranian upper classes;[102] however the practise of proskynesis was disapproved by the Macedonians, and they were unwilling to perform it. [272] The close association of men from across Greece in Alexander's army directly led to the emergence of the largely Attic-based "koine", or "common" Greek dialect. [149][181], Perdiccas initially did not claim power, instead suggesting that Roxane's baby would be king, if male; with himself, Craterus, Leonnatus, and Antipater as guardians. The name Alexander is also found throughout the New Testament, and there are dozens of Christian saints who bear the name. Both Athens and Philip sent embassies to win Thebes's favour, but Athens won the contest. More. Movies. [51], Attalus was at that time corresponding with Demosthenes, regarding the possibility of defecting to Athens. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military ABOUT US; CONTACT US; CITY BOARDS; NEWS & EVENTS. [73][74] The men of military age were massacred and the women and children sold into slavery. These only occasionally quote the letters and it is an open question how reliable such quotations are. The satrapies handed out by Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon became power bases each general used to bid for power. Demades likened the Macedonian army, after the death of Alexander, to the blinded Cyclops, due to the many random and disorderly movements that it made. on the country in which you live. Alexander III of Macedon, better known as Alexander the Great (l. 21 July 356 BCE 10 or 11 June 323 BCE, r. 336-323 BCE), was the son of King Philip II of Macedon (r. 359-336 BCE) who became king upon his father's death in 336 BCE and then conquered most of the known world of his day.. City of Alexander, North Dakota 58831. top of page. [266][267], Suda wrote that Alexander built a big temple to Sarapis. This so irritated Alexander, that throwing one of the cups at his head, "You villain," said he, "what, am I then a bastard?" [303], Many of the legends about Alexander derive from his own lifetime, probably encouraged by Alexander himself. By the time of his death, he had conquered the entire. [286], Emperor Julian in his satire called "The Caesars", describes a contest between the previous Roman emperors, with Alexander the Great called in as an extra contestant, in the presence of the assembled gods. [33], As Philip marched south, his opponents blocked him near Chaeronea, Boeotia. During the ensuing Battle of Chaeronea, Philip commanded the right wing and Alexander the left, accompanied by a group of Philip's trusted generals. According to the legend, after Alexander hunted on the Mount Pagus, he slept under a plane tree at the sanctuary of Nemesis. [270] Alexander sought to insert Greek elements into Persian culture and to hybridize Greek and Persian culture, homogenizing the populations of Asia and Europe. Alexander was the first to break the Theban lines, followed by Philip's generals. [170], While Alexander's funeral cortege was on its way to Macedon, Ptolemy seized it and took it temporarily to Memphis. Around AD 200, Emperor Septimius Severus closed Alexander's tomb to the public. [314] His defeat of Darius was depicted as Egypt's salvation, "proving" Egypt was still ruled by an Egyptian. Alexander immediately headed south. AFTERSHOCK T-SHIRT $36.00. AFTERSHOCK T-SHIRT $36.00. AFTERSHOCK STICKER PACK $20.00. Whereas he was of a fair colour, as they say, and his fairness passed into ruddiness on his breast particularly, and in his face. Buy Now. Pompey the Great adopted the epithet "Magnus" and even Alexander's anastole-type haircut, and searched the conquered lands of the east for Alexander's 260-year-old cloak, which he then wore as a sign of greatness. WebCity of Alexander, North Dakota 58831. It appears that the Egyptian people did not find it disturbing that he was a foreigner - nor that he was absent for virtually his entire reign. [130], East of Porus's kingdom, near the Ganges River, was the Nanda Empire of Magadha, and further east, the Gangaridai Empire of Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. Gender: Alexander is frequently used as a boy name. Alexander was born in 356 B.C.E.
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