Ethiopia's total export earnings by value declined by 2.3% in 2017/2018 from the previous year. ILRI. The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods. In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, 2015) (Figures 2 and 3). In 2019, Ethiopias major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. The impacts of the mentioned problems vary across the country, and from place to place. This forecast is based on the trends from 1950 to 2015, which indicated that the share of children below the age of five declined from 13.4% to 9.1%, while above 65years life expectant increased from 5.1 to 8.3% (FAO, 2017). Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, 2014). It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. They failed to recognize the seriousness of the danger and complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves. At the international, regional, national, and local levels, there is a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports) Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas. Problems of Agriculture In Nigeria with examples. Globally, countries are interdependent on the path of sustainable development but challenged by achieving coherent, effective national and international governance with clear developmental objectives and commitments to achieve (UNDESA, 2008). Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . Table 9. In Ethiopia, the farmland is highly fragmented in the central northern parts than other parts (Figure 1). Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). The global food system is expected to provide safe and nutritious food to a population that will likely grow from 7.5 billion people today, to nearly 10 billion by 2050. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. Advertisement. Why poverty? Land constraints and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A village-level analysis of high-potential areas. Ethiopia is a country of peasants with primitive agriculture. Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. Limited technology and education are perhaps the largest difficulties that smallholder farmers in Ethiopia struggle with. Such degradations are done mainly for fuelwood and agricultural expansion (Birhanu 2014; Kassa et al. The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. Last month, at the 23rd anniversary of the downfall of the Dergue regime, Prime Minister Hailemariam declared that Ethiopias have become food self-sufficient at national level with annual production of major crops reaching 25 million tones (250 million Quintals). The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. What are the two types of dynamic programming? Within the country, there is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation. World Journal of Agricultural sciences 6(4):412-418. For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . Table 10. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5. In FY 2017/2018, the United . In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. rahulsharma789888. Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, 2011b). Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day. ), land degradation which often leads to desertification, poor climatic conditions (including severe droughts), etc. The effects of climate change (e.g., frequent occurrence of extreme weather . Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural . Alluvial beds of major rivers close to 16%. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. To evaluate the efficacy of some non-chemical control methods, Eucalyptus . The country is endowed with ample water resources in central, western, and southwestern parts, except dry parts of the northeastern and eastern parts which may even be supplied from the water-rich areas of the country. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. Despite numerous challenges of agricultural activities, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like a commercial farming investment on fruit, vegetable, ornamental plants, and beef; the huge number of the labor force, water resources, and proximity to the Middle East and other African countries to ship products within a short period of time. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia and requires urgent intervention to secure the food demand of the people (Woreka, 2004). The future focus of the Ethiopian government and people will be investing in infrastructure including the promotion of water development technologies, especially investing in irrigation that provides an opportunity to improve the productivity of land and labor (Bekele et al., 2007). A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. These are the combined constraints that reduce the soil mass, productivity, health, soil quality, and fertility (Woreka, 2004). Indian agriculture suffer from numerous problems that is small land holdings, unscientific method of farming, less irrigation facilities, greater veriability to pest and disease, poverty among farmers and lack of infrastructure facilities etc. However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Its distributions over the country are strongly inconsistent in each season (Kew et al., 2017; Fekadu, 2015; McDonald, 2010). Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, 2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2016). Salinity and Sodicity/alkalinity are the major problems that resulted in the valley due to irrigation practices in the enterprise. )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, 2016). Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, 2017). Aragie (2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. Ethiopias total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). In addition, it is required that establishing a policy of investment that supports producing hybrid cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry. Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. The percentage share of GDP by major economic sector in the year 2010/11 was 44.7 for agriculture, 10.5 for industry and 45.5 for the service sector but these figures changed to 38.5, 15.1 and 46.3% in the year 2014/15 in the same order of the sectors [9,10]. Ticks (species of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Boophilus decolaratus, Rhipicephelus evertsi, and Amblyomma variegatum), Tsetse Fly (Glossina pallidipes), Mange (Chorioptes bovis, and Sarcoptes), biting flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (stable Fly)) are vector-borne parasitic diseases of livestock and endoparasites such as helminths (nematodes: Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus (chaerbertia, oesophagostomum), Nematodirus, Bunostomum (hookworm), Toxocara vitulorum, cooperia, Dictyocaulus), estodes: moeniezia genus, cysticercus, Echinococcus granulosus), Trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantic) and Coccidia are directly constrained livestock production in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020; Welay et al., 2018; Ministry of Agriculture, 2014). Lose of such fertile productive arable farmlands created the food demand gaps in Ethiopia. Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., 2014). Some of the major environmental problems are as follows: 1. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). Evidence from Ethiopia, Challenges and possibilities for attribution studies in developing countries: Ethiopian drought of 2015, Land fragmentation and food insecurity in Ethiopia, Early identification of land degradation hotspots in complex bio- geographic regions, Ethiopias food insecurity: Europes role within the broader context of food flows, climate change and land grabs, Effects of monoculture, crop rotation, and soil moisture content on selected soil physicochemical and microbial parameters in wheat fields, The UNDP climate change country profiles improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries, Farmers response to climate change and variability in Ethiopia: A review, A review on agricultural problems and their management in Ethiopia, Ministry of Livestock and International Livestock Research Institute. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). The future of Ethiopian agriculture is bright because of the fact that the country is gifted with a variable climate ranging from tropics (growing tropical crops like citrus fruits) to subtropics (growing crops like apples). The number of hot days and hot nights increased in this duration of the season (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Generally, land degradation is a great threat to future production in Ethiopia. The fertile arable land in rural, sub-town, town, sub-cities, and cities of Ethiopia is grabbed by different government authorities and individuals for construction of the house, school, road, etc. Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. This is one of the leading issues that they are facing every day. While agriculture currently accounts for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers opportunities to both fight climate change and feed more people as the world's population grows to 10 billion people by 2050. Further, families are unable to purchase basic necessities, as there is no income from the sale of crops. Risk and resilience in a new era. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone.
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