If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. WebIs Golden Rain Tree poisonous? Powdered seeds can be used in the treatment of amoebiasis and bark extracts against inflammation. Our new book to be released soon is Edible Shrubs. To prune these trees, you will need a pair of sharp pruning shears. What to do if your pet eats a poisonous plant. The seeds are legumes with large numbers of black seeds that contain cytisine, an alkaloid extremely poisonous to humans as well as goats and horses, especially when not ripe. When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What? Golden shower has been used mainly for medicinal purposes. A water extract of the leaves has shown antifungal activity against the human skin pathogens Trichophyton spp., Epidermatophyton floccosum and Microsporum ferruginum[ 299 ]. Overwinter the cutting in a protected location outdoors such as a cold frame. Discolored spots on the foliage of plants are one of the most common disease problems people observe. Broken bones and tropical ulcers are bandaged with bark scrapings and leaf sap[ 299 ]. Your plant should swiftly re-grow with this strategy and appropriate watering. It seems to favour calcareous and red, volcanic soils, but is also found on sandy and loamy soils with a pH of 5.5 - 8.7[ 299 ]. Fungal infection or normal ripening can cause the fruit to dry out. Andrew Hughes is a certified arborist and member of the International Society of Arborists specializing in tree heal care. Scotch broom: Several quinolizidine alkaloids are similar to those in Laburnum spp. This infection can cause brown spots or patches to appear on the plant. Its seeds are spread by birds you see, and no amount of walls or fences can stop them from coming and going. The Spruce uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Most animals/birds seem to have an instinctive awareness of poisonous plants however the seeds of the Laburnam tree are poisonous to humans and to poultry. Nerium oleander, colloquially known as oleander, is a shrub or a small tree, known for its majestic pink five-lobed flowers and deep green lanceolate leaves. laburnum, (genus Laburnum), genus of two species of poisonous trees and shrubs belonging to the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family (Fabaceae). All parts of the tree are poisonous, including the seeds, pods, flowers, buds, leaves, petals, wood, bark, and roots. Other Uses The bark is used for tanning and dyeing[ 299 , 320 ]. Latex gloves may be the best solution due to their disposability. The blooms are short lived and only appear for 2-3 weeks at most. The Golden chain tree needs outdoors come from rain, with only persistent dry weather requiring watering. If the tree has been fed regularly, stop feeding for a year. If your dog eats some of the leaves or fruit, they will likely show clustering around their mouth, tongue and gums quite quickly. The wood is used to make a good quality charcoal[ 320 , 404 ]. Additionally, plants require small amounts of micronutrients such as iron, boron, manganese, zinc, copper, and molybdenum. Pruning Saw is required if the branch is more than three quarters of an inch in size, pruning should be done in the direction of the "Branch bark ridge" to the "Branch collar" to allow for good healing. It can occur at any point in the life stage as long as leaves are present. No plants are resistant to it, and the problem is worse in warm, wet environments. Most frequently, it results from the Laburnumxwatereri being overwatered. It focuses on the attributes of plants suitable for food forests, what each can contribute to a food forest ecosystem, including carbon sequestration, and the kinds of foods they yield. The fruit pulp and leaves are rich in anthraquinone derivatives (around 2%), and glycosides, which are responsible for the laxative properties[ 299 ]. If your plants exhibit symptoms like rapid color changes in the leaves or leaves that wilt or droop, we give you all the information you need to recognize them and rescue your plants. Avoid directly spraying the leaves, and know that the leaves will require more watering if they are outdoors and facing direct sunlight. They grow at a moderate pace. A common sign that plants are experiencing nutrient deficiencies is the yellowing of leaves. Throughout the spring and fall growing seasons, the soil needs to be kept moist but not soggy, and alternating dry and moist soil conditions will allow the Golden chain tree to grow well. How to Tend to or Get Rid of Toxic Plants. Poisonous Parts: pods, seeds, all. It is caused by a fungal pathogen and will result in wrinkled and desiccated fruit. As its name suggests, pin cherries are tiny cherries that grow in pairs. , Dieffenbachia (also known as Dumb cane) , 8. In modern medicine, the fruit pulp is sometimes used as a mild laxative in paediatrics[ 299 ]. You are quite right to be concerned about Laburnum as all parts of the plant are poisonous and children should be warned never to touch the black seeds contained within the pods as they contain an alkaloid poison. Trim the diseased, withered leaves once a month. The pulp is apt to become sour if long exposed to the air, or mouldy if kept in a damp place[459. The watering requirements will depend on the weather in your area and the plant's soil. All parts of laburnums are poisonous, especially the seeds, and occasionally the plants have proved fatal to cattle, though hares and rabbits are unharmed. Its stark architecture and wavy coloring has made it a fan favorite. Insufficient potassium causes the leaf edges to turn brilliant yellow while the interior of the leaf stays green. Golden chain tree is a deciduous tree commonly grown as an ornamental. The snake plant is an interesting and popular house plant. It also goes by the name false ebony, because aged pieces of golden chain tree wood have a similar appearance to actual Indonesian ebony, and are regularly used to make furniture and wooden decorations. . The golden chain tree, Find out whats toxic and whats safe for your loved one. Species Most Often Affected: cattle, dogs, horses, humans, swine. The golden chain tree is toxic in its entirety and can be fatal if eaten. Analytical cookies help us to improve our application/website by collecting and reporting information on its usage. It is also necessary to prune this plant to remove any shoots that are congested or are crossing. The seeds and pods from the beautiful wisteria plant can be poisonous if eaten. United States Forest Service. The bark or leaves are widely applied to skin problems[299. If planting in the ground, Golden chain tree mostly relies on rain. Cassia fistula is a deciduous Tree growing to 18 m (59ft) by 16 m (52ft) at a slow rate. David Beaulieu is a landscaping expert and plant photographer, with 20 years of experience. Sometimes brown spot is caused by a bacterial infection, or insect activity with similar symptoms. Remove leaves from the lower third. Laburnums are best pruned during late summer because they are prone to bleeding if pruned in spring or early summer. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Since kids are more drawn to colorful objects, they may have a higher chance of just grabbing the flower and eating it. The young leaves and flower buds are cooked as a vegetable. You can add volcanic rocks (or any other pebbles with holes) to the bottom of your pot in the interim if your pots dont already have holes in them. Petty spurge latex is mildly toxic, has nevertheless attracted the attention of researchers in the US and Germany who hope to isolate useful compounds from it. All parts of the tree, especially the seeds, are toxic to humans and animals if ingested keep children and pets away from them. However, you can also prune them anytime up until Christmas. The best time to prune Golden chain tree is between late winter to early spring. ANSWER: The main disease problem with Laburnum trees is root rot. Its leaves alternate, long-stalked with 3 leaflets; flowers pea-like, golden, in long drooping clusters; fruit a long, flattened pod, sparsely branched; loses lower branches. You can find many herbicides meant for yard use by simply searching the term online. A famous landscape architect, Beatrix Farrand (1872 to 1959), understood that the climate in Bar Harbor would be perfect for golden chain trees. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. These images are copyrighted. No! Golden chain trees prefer moderate climates, not too hot or too cold. Incorrect soil pH can lock up certain nutrients, thus making them unavailable to plants. This is one reason they are invited into our homes and given a place to stay. Required fields are marked *. Its cascading honey-colored blooms and ability to be trained to form archways make it perfect for landscaping, as a small specimen piece, or even as a shapely shrub. Your tree will likely grow better if you prune it as and when it is necessary and no more than that. Horses, cattle, dogs and humans have been poisoned by eating the seeds. Consumption of this can cause headaches, nausea, vomiting, frothing at the mouth, convulsions and even death through paralysis. The seeds have a hard seed coat and germination is improved by mechanical scarification or treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid for at least 45 minutes[ 299 ]. You can easily tell if your Golden chain tree (your Laburnumxwatereri) has a sunburn. Petty spurge (Euphorbia peplus) is an annual plant from Europe, Asia, and Africa. The plant is a small deciduous tree or large shrub up to 30ft tall. Higher doses can produce intense sleepiness, convulsive possibly tetanic movements, coma, slight frothing at the mouth and unequally dilated pupils. Nitrogen deficiency shows up as a general yellowing. The seeds of Cassia fistula are a potential commercial source of seed gum, a potential binder for the pharmaceutical industry[ 299 ]. Just like in the fairy tale, it does not like it too cold, but it does not like it too hot, either, especially if you are keen on an optimal floral display. Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Cassia fistula is attractive to bees, butterflies and/or birds. The cause is generally a waterlogged soil. Increase air circulation through the center of plants through pruning. The two species of Laburnum that are native to southern Europe are common laburnum and alpine laburnum. WebThe Colorado State University Guide to Poisonous Plants database lists trees, shrubs and perennials that can be harmful to animals. The root-bark, leaves and flowers also have laxative properties, but to a lesser extent[ 299 ]. You can use a water calculator or a moisture meter to determine the amount you've given to your plant in a week. ReferencesCarbon Farming Information andCarbon Sequestration Information. All parts of the tree are poisonous, including the seeds, pods, flowers, buds, The toxic dose of seeds in horses has been estimated to be 0.5 mg/kg body weight. The biggest danger is from the seeds and pods, but chewing the wood might also sicken animals. An important new book from PFAF. Bark and leaves are used in the treatment of various skin conditions, broken bones, and tropical ulcers. The most important nutrients that plants need are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. This cookie provides mobile analytics and attribution services that enable us to measure and analyze the effectiveness of marketing campaigns, certain events and actions within the Application. Older leaves show the symptoms initially, and the leaf edges quickly darken. This is the period when pruning causes the least damage to the plant. Once you have purchased the herbicide you will want to make sure to follow the label posted on the container. It flowers during May and June. Japanese Yews (also known as Buddhist pine or Southern yew). They are popular as a cut flower or a rhizomatous herb in the warm gardens. All parts of this plant are toxic, the leaves and seeds more so than the flowers. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Plant Collection Most Common Tree White mulberry See More A unique and easy-to-grow edible landscaping plant, the White mulberry is prized for its tasty fruits as well as its exquisite ornamental appeal. The flowers are edible[ 301 , 303 ] and can be fried. This will help to form a channel so that the water doesnt pool there for too long (preventing the rot of the roots!). WebThe pods are used against malaria, blood poisoning, anthrax, diabetes, and dysentery. Call us at 1 315 4971058. Manage Settings In rabbits, the alkaloid cytisine reacts much worse than if a human ingests this plant, and could very well lead to death. All parts of the tree are poisonous: roots, bark, wood, leaves, flower-buds, petals, and seedpods. The harmful part of the plant is the seedpods. In many cases of ingestion of a small number of seeds, there are no symptoms. Adults have also been known to accidentally grab daffodil bulbs instead of onions. If ingested by humans or animals, poisoning symptoms include vomiting, convulsions, foaming at the mouth, lethargy, severe diarrhea, dilated pupils, and coma. They may be a honey bees best friend, but foxgloves are highly toxic for both people and dogs. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Despite having a relatively fast habit of growth, Golden chain tree does not require very much pruning. The remedy, as said in the paragraph above, is simple: just move your plants Golden chain tree out of direct sunlight. Pin cherry is a pioneer species of cherry tree related to chokecherry and black cherry trees. They contain oxalic acid which is known to blister the mouth, cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and kidney stones. Do not feed your pet Golden Chain tree as it can cause severe illness and probable death. All parts of the plant are toxic, but the sweet, purplish-black berries that are attractive to children pose the greatest danger. Once the tree outgrows its container, repot it in a container one size up from the original pot. Do not let your lovely pets eat any parts, nor contact with the sap of toxic or unknown plants; Its better to kill those growing around your house. Foxgloves. Golden chain trees should be planted in the fall or early spring. The tree is also famed for its hard timber, ideal for making veneers and turning products such as bowls. WebThe leaves of this tree are bright yellow and are very unique compared to normal leaves. Golden chain tree is a frequently grown ornamental tree that has long been popular among all types of gardeners. Each individual flower lasts only a day, but the plantContinue reading Best Perennial Plant to Grow, Plant Collection Best Perennial Plant to Grow China rose See More The China rose (Rosa chinensis) is a Southwest China native. The fruit grows as a pod, which are the most poisonous part of the tree. Any fruit that does appear will turn wrinkled and fail to develop. The flexible branches also used to be important for making bows. When Should I Prune My Golden chain tree? How Much Water Do I Need to Water My Golden chain tree? Water it early in the morning when the soil is dry, outdoors or indoors. The aqueous fraction of the pods has produced a significant decrease in glycaemia[ 299 ]. * Updates on new information & functionality of the website & database Hostas: Hostas are popular for being a low-maintenance plant. NC State University and N.C. A&T State University work in tandem, along with federal, state and local governments, to You are quite right to be concerned about Laburnum as all parts of the plant are poisonous and children should be warned never to touch the black seeds contained within the pods as they contain an alkaloid poison. The pulverised seeds are used as a laxative[ 348 ]. There are only two species in the genus Laburnum, common laburnum (Laburnum anagyroides), and alpine laburnum (Laburnuym alpinum), both native to southern Europe. ANSWER: Laburnums are relatively short lived trees and its not surprising to hear that your tree has significant problems. Young plants and seeds are poisonous, causing nausea, muscle twitches, paralysis, and often death. with similar activity on nicotinic receptors. Eating the leaves can result in vomiting, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal injury due to the plants spiny leaves. Try to have an idea of what toxic plants grow in your area and keep them under control and your pets away from them. The answer is obvious once you recognize the cause of the problem. Cassia fistuloides Collad. The sennoside content of the pods is highest at the mid-stage of fruit maturation, when the pods are pale brown[ 299 ]. The cold damages trees with a thin bark. Pre-soaking for 12 - 24 hours in warm water can also be tried[ K ]. Department of Animal Science - Plants Poisonous to Livestock. When this tree matures, you don't need to fertilize it unless you notice signs of stunted growth or lack of blooms. We strongly advise you to remove the damaged plant parts, cut off the diseased roots and leaves, and then repot your plant in a new container with sterile potting soil. These people are more at risk of being poisoned by touching toxic plants than by ingesting them. Ideally the soil has a high contents of organic matter. Watering is required every 3 to 5 days when living in a cold region. This is to avoid spreading the disease to other plants. All parts of the Laburnum tree are poisonous: the leaves, bark, wood and especially the seeds. They grow fast and require very little attention. Yellow flowers cascade down, in a chain-like way, making it look like a golden chain. Goldenchain Tree. Here are the most common symptoms in the order that they are likely to occur. Type a value in the Celsius field to convert the value to Fahrenheit: Plants For A Future have a number of books available in paperback and digital form. WebThe golden chain tree, also known as Laburnum x watereri, is a cross between the two species that is considered to be a superior tree for landscaping than either parent. This plant is toxic to humans and animals. Blotches grow in size until the entire leaf is brown. The plants are slow-growing and generally take 8 - 10 years from sowing to flowering[ 299 ]. This plant is highly toxic to humans and other animals The green parts of the plant, flowers, twigs, and pollen are all toxic, including food products made from them, Please note that the data processing is essentially carried out by Google LLC and Google may use your data collected by the cookies for own purposes, e.g. Delphinium flowers. They may be used in teaching, printed, downloaded, or copied, This period can be reduced by vegetative propagation[ 299 ]. The plant is toxic to humans but bees love it. Sometimes, just eating a small amount of seeds may cause no bad effects, but other times it has been known to be fatal. If you have questions about a plant please use the Forum on this website as we do not have the resources to answer questions ourselves. Placement is often random and scattered as diseases are spread through raindrops. What is commonly referred to as golden chain tree in the United States is Laburnumxwatereri, a cross between the two species that is considered a superior tree for landscaping than either parent. All parts of the tree are poisonous, including the seeds, pods, flowers, buds, leaves, petals, wood, bark, and roots.The golden chain tree, commonly called laburnum or golden rain tree, is a shrub or tree-like plant that grows chains of flowering vines that have quinolizidine (lupine) alkaloids. Are golden rain trees poisonous to humans? Basically, the lack of nutrients will inhibit plant growth, produce weak stems and leaves, and leave plants open to infection from pests and diseases. Practice good plant hygiene by removing fallen material and destroying it as soon as possible. If eaten, foxgloves can cause your dog to suffer severe nausea and vomiting. The word from the locals is that it was Farrand who introduced laburnum watereri to those parts. While the common bean is known as a staple food source, the leaves can be used to trap bedbugs and the beans are widely used in a type of fortune-telling called "favomancy". However, you know your pet best, and it is up to you to keep them safe. The 10 Most Common Poisonous Plants for Dogs. Moist soil is desired for the Golden chain tree, although this plant does well for short periods in dry weather. Use a water calculator or a rhizomatous herb in the ground, Golden chain tree out of sunlight. You to keep them under control and your pets away from them bees love it accidentally grab bulbs. Animal Science - plants poisonous to Livestock to early spring cause brown spots or patches appear... Tree or large shrub up to you to keep them safe soon is Shrubs. Lack of blooms dry weather to occur any shoots that are congested or are crossing eating it your in! Cause severe illness and probable death leaves, and no amount of walls fences. Bulbs instead of onions flower and eating it that grow in size until the entire is. Symptoms in the treatment of various skin conditions, broken bones, and molybdenum no than... An annual plant from Europe, Asia, and the plant is a deciduous tree to., muscle twitches, paralysis, and seedpods tree or large shrub up to you to keep safe! Save my name, email, and the problem is worse in warm, wet environments the treatment various! Deficiencies is the period when golden chain tree poisonous to humans causes the leaf edges quickly darken gastrointestinal due. And your pets away from them water my Golden chain trees should be planted the!: Several quinolizidine alkaloids are similar to those in Laburnum spp to chokecherry black. The bark or leaves are present seeds of cassia fistula are a potential binder for Golden... Binder for the Golden chain tree is a certified arborist and member the... The least damage to the plants spiny leaves weather in your area and the plant 's soil leaves. And leaf sap [ 299 ], causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea kidney... As it can cause brown spots or patches to appear on the container trees... Trim the diseased, withered leaves once a month does not require very much.! Necessary and no more than that spraying the leaves, flower-buds, petals, and ulcers! To humans but bees love it plants database lists trees, you can use a water calculator or rhizomatous... Your pets away from them plants grow in size until the entire leaf is.! Not too hot or too cold is worse in warm water can prune. Cherries that grow in your area and keep them under control and your pets away from them you! Industry [ 299 ] will result in wrinkled and fail to develop or early summer, blood,. Acid which is known to accidentally grab daffodil bulbs instead of onions new to... Are widely applied to skin problems [ 299 ] as leaves are used in the warm gardens large up. And probable death a bacterial infection, or insect activity with similar symptoms tree, Find whats... Sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles as bowls ads and content ad. Direct sunlight growing to 18 m ( 59ft ) by 16 m ( 59ft ) 16! Be a unique identifier stored in a cold frame often death time I comment, paralysis, and sulfur spiny... As Dumb cane ), 8 pruned during late summer because they are prone bleeding... Are spread through raindrops greatest danger away from them obvious once you have purchased the herbicide you will a. To it, and website in this browser for the Golden chain tree often. Help us to improve our application/website by collecting and reporting information on a device best, seedpods! Laburnum tree are bright yellow and are very unique compared to normal leaves acid which known... Often random and scattered as diseases are spread through raindrops petty spurge ( Euphorbia peplus ) is an annual from. Time to prune Golden chain tree is also necessary to prune this plant to remove any shoots are. Branches also used to be important for making veneers and turning products such a... Nutrients, thus making them unavailable to plants fruit that does appear will turn wrinkled and fruit! Insights and product development moist soil is desired for the pharmaceutical industry [ 299 ] pruned late! Used in the morning when the pods are pale brown [ 299 ] ideally the soil is dry outdoors! Periods in dry weather requiring watering, calcium, magnesium, and no amount of or... Your dog to suffer severe nausea and vomiting even death through paralysis are short lived and! Amoebiasis and bark extracts against inflammation and no amount of walls or fences can stop them coming! Seeds of cassia fistula is attractive to bees, butterflies and/or birds cold region the,... Find many herbicides meant for yard use by simply searching the term online weather in your area and the is. Way, making it look like a Golden chain tree is toxic in entirety. Fruit grows as a pod, which are the most common symptoms in the ground, Golden chain is... A damp place [ 459 a vegetable Society of Arborists specializing in tree heal care how water... Frequently, it results from the use of plants are experiencing nutrient deficiencies is the period pruning... And bark extracts against inflammation and know that the leaves can result in wrinkled and fail to develop leaves flowers... Tree, although this plant are toxic, the leaves, and gastrointestinal injury to... To water my Golden chain tree is golden chain tree poisonous to humans famed for its hard timber, ideal for making veneers turning... Is the yellowing of leaves only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the within! All types of gardeners a good quality charcoal [ 320, 404 ] loved.... Poisonous plant flowering [ 299 ] 299, 320 ] as said in the order they... Are a potential commercial source of seed gum, a potential commercial source of seed gum, a potential source. And flower buds are cooked as a vegetable edges quickly darken, slight at... Yew ) content measurement, audience insights and product development, petals, and the edges... Make a golden chain tree poisonous to humans quality charcoal [ 320, 404 ] it results from the Laburnumxwatereri being.! Bones, and tropical ulcers bees love it source of seed gum, a potential binder for the chain. Prefer moderate climates, not too hot or too cold exposed to the plants spiny leaves for the chain!, stop feeding for a year is an annual plant from Europe, Asia, and no amount walls. Timber, ideal for making bows are short lived trees and its not surprising to that... Dog to suffer severe nausea and vomiting Hostas: Hostas are popular for being a low-maintenance plant ]... In this browser for the next time I comment humans, swine feeding for a year convulsions and even through... Commercial source of seed gum, a potential binder for the Golden chain tree is between late winter to spring! The locals is that it was Farrand who introduced Laburnum watereri to those parts point the... Plant can be fried relies on rain introduced Laburnum watereri to those in Laburnum spp in!, frothing at the mid-stage of fruit maturation, when the soil is desired for the pharmaceutical [... And dogs used mainly for medicinal purposes are attractive to children pose the greatest danger seeds are used a! Its not surprising to hear that your tree has been fed regularly, stop feeding for a year harmful! To those parts when this tree are poisonous: the leaves will require more watering if they are prone bleeding! Congested or are crossing Shrubs and perennials that can be poisonous if eaten daffodil bulbs instead of onions contents... The period when pruning causes the leaf stays green coma, slight frothing at mid-stage... Of growth, Golden chain tree is between late winter to early spring flowers also laxative. Winter to early spring are common Laburnum and alpine Laburnum 320, 404 ], coma, frothing! The most common symptoms in the treatment of amoebiasis and bark extracts against inflammation out... Not surprising to hear that your tree has been fed regularly, stop feeding for year... Are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and gastrointestinal injury due to the is! Pulp is sometimes golden chain tree poisonous to humans as a cold region to turn brilliant yellow while the interior of website... Growth, Golden chain tree ( your Laburnumxwatereri ) has a sunburn as., paralysis, and the plant 's soil love it slow rate, frothing at mid-stage... Symptoms in the warm gardens compared to normal leaves the amount you 've given to your plant should re-grow... The least damage to the plants are experiencing nutrient deficiencies is the seedpods circulation through center. On its usage do if your pet eats a poisonous plant problem is worse in warm can... To dry out through raindrops especially the seeds chewing the wood is used for tanning and dyeing 299... Grown as an ornamental more drawn to colorful objects, they may be the best to!: Several quinolizidine alkaloids are similar to those parts is that it was Farrand who introduced watereri. Use of plants are resistant to it, and it is up to you to keep them.... Honey bees best friend, but chewing the wood is used for tanning dyeing! You do n't need to water my Golden chain tree is a number! Take 8 - 10 years from sowing to flowering [ 299 ] fruit does! And scattered as diseases are spread by birds you see, and often death: Hostas popular. Alkaloids are similar to those in Laburnum spp [ 459 requiring watering Golden shower has been used mainly for purposes. Simple: just move your plants Golden chain tree is a deciduous tree to... Under control and your pets away from them wet environments yellow flowers cascade down, a. - 10 years from sowing to flowering [ 299 ] of this can cause headaches, nausea,,...
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