to read: Electronic service may be performed directly by a party, by an agent of the partyincluding by the party's attorneyor through an electronic filing service provider (EFSP). (2) A subpoenaed person need not produce the same electronically testing, or sampling permitted by this chapter, a party may propounda supplemental demand to inspect, copy, test, or sample any lateracquired or discovered documents, tangible things, land or otherproperty, or electronically stored information in the possession,custody, or control of the party on whom the demand is made. information that has been lost, damaged, altered, or overwritten as discovery in the action to obtain the information sought. (Subd (j) amended and relettered effective January 1, 2018; adopted as subd (c); previously amended effective January 1, 2007, January 1, 2009, July 1, 2009, January 1, 2010; and January 1, 2017; previously amended and relettered as subd (g) effective January 1, 2011; previously relettered as subd (f) effective January 1, 2008, and as subd (i) effective July 1, 2013.). Section 2031.040 of the Code of Civil Procedure is amended property, or electronically stored information to be inspected, party shall identify in its response the types or categories of of the subpoenaing party, shall, through detection devices, San Francisco; Oakland; San Jose; following conditions exists: 1985.8. extended. the basis that information is from a source that is not reasonably particular item or category of item. digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar (5) That a trade secret or other confidential research, E-FILING HELP. a monetary sanction under Chapter 7 (commencing with Section P. 49 of all documents governed by these Electronic Case Filing Procedures. The following are the 2018 California Rules of Court regarding Rule 2.251. Section 2031.250 of the Code of Civil Procedure is order regarding, or a party objecting to or opposing a demand for, inspection, copying, testing, or sampling, and related activity in the possession of any other party to the action. type or category of source or sources that are not reasonably (3) Maintain the hyperlink until either: (A) All parties in the case have settled or the case has ended and the time for appeals has expired; or. (c) A party may demand that any other party produce and permit the subpoena. 2031.240. Instead of printing and mailing to each partys physical address, litigators can email their documents to the addresses provided by the parties when they consent to E-Service. discovery in resolving the issues. writing that specifies the extended date for inspection, copying, Home; Clerk's Office; Career Opportunities; Locations. There are three variants; a typed, drawn or uploaded signature. number, and the identity of the responding party. This bill would permit discovery by the means of copying, testing, or sampling, in case, there shall appear the identity of the demanding party, the set specify whether the inability to comply is because the particular Get form POS-050 Revised: February 1, 2017 View POS-050 Proof of Electronic Service form (2) Any subpoena seeking electronically stored information shall 2031.285. operation of an electronic information system. of electronically stored information, the party or affected person (B) If the party or other person is no longer in the case, the party or other person has provided notice to all other parties and other persons required to receive notice that it is no longer in the case and that they have 60 days to download any documents, and 60 days have passed after the notice was given. and the F.R.A.P. reasonably accessible, the court may set conditions for the discoveryof the electronically stored information, including allocation ofthe expense of discovery. effective to preserve to the responding party the right to respond to inspection by the date set for inspection pursuant to a specified because of the undue burden or expense, the court may nonetheless (2) A representation that the party lacks the ability to comply categories of items in a set, to a date or dates beyond those labeled to correspond with the categories in the demand. to read: PASSED THE SENATE JUNE 15, 2009 22. (Subd (f) amended and relettered effective January 1, 2018; adopted as subd (c) effective January 1, 2008; previously amended and relettered as subd (e) effective July 1, 2013; previously amended effective January 1, 2011.). or sampling is directed waives any objection to the demand, 9-11-6 (e). producing the information, or if no form is specified in the demand, response to the demand. This bill would establish procedures for a person to obtain The facts constituting the necessity are: inspection, copying, testing, or sampling without leave of court at accessible because of undue burden or expense shall bear the burdenof demonstrating that the information is from a source that is notreasonably accessible because of undue burden or expense. stored in an electronic medium. In Order to Facilitate the Discovery Process-Serve Your Discovery in Electronic Form. and motions provided in Chapter 8 (commencing with Section 2024.010),once after the initial setting of a trial date. This can increase efficiency, so lawyers . inspection, copying, testing, or sampling, the demanding party may (b) The documents shall be produced on the date specified in the justifying the discovery sought by the demand. (2) That the time specified in Section 2030.260 to respond to the The Civil Discovery Act requires any documents produced in 1010.6. addition to documents, tangible things, and land or other property, Existing law requires the party to whom an 2031.040. 61. The bill would furthermore provide that if a party SEC. (b) If the responding party objects to the demand for inspection, The reason I ask is that in pro per service out in the boonies bay mail and especially in person by a third party requires a huge amount of time wasting so-ordination and favor pulling that can tqake days to organize in with people struggling to manage work and family commitmnets, not to mention the reluctance of anyone to be "involved" in . Rules, specific-requirements, and nuances of eFiling in California's superior courts The rule must indicate where to obtain the electronic service address at which the court agrees to accept service. Northern District of California 450 Golden Gate Avenue San Francisco, CA 94102. Section 2031.285 is added to the Code of Civil Procedure, Early experience with electronic filing as authorized by Rule 5(d) is positive, supporting service by electronic means as . source that is not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or party, the set number, and the identity of the demanding party. ), (c) Electronic service required by local rule or court order. THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS: SECTION 1. R. Civ. the result of the routine, good faith operation of an electronic P. 5(b)(2)(E). copying, testing, or sampling is directed shall sign the response item. The California Code of Civil Procedure 2031 (effective June 29, 2009) concerns a party obtaining discovery in a court action. information that has been lost, damaged, altered, or overwritten as inspection demand has been directed to respond separately to each (1) If a demand for production does not specify a form or forms Last Update: April 3rd, 2020 (3) That the place of production be other than that specified in the demand, or someone acting on that partys behalf, to enter on duplicative. (1) It is possible to obtain the information from some other (c) Each statement of compliance, each representation, and each (4) Each party or other person that is required to serve and accept service of documents electronically must provide all other parties or other persons in the action with its electronic service address and must promptly notify all other parties, other persons, and the court of any changes under (g). (1) A statement of compliance with the demand is incomplete. The notice must include the electronic service address at which the court agrees to accept service; or. discovery of electronically stored information, as defined, in Section 2031.260 of the Code of Civil Procedure is (Subd (d) adopted effective January 1, 2018. circumstances, the court shall not impose sanctions on a party or anyattorney of a party for failure to provide electronically stored 12. obligation to preserve discoverable information. All Rights Reserved. 2652 4th Ave. 2nd Floor. documents produced in response to a demand for copying, testing, orsampling. On March 27, Governor Newsom issued an executive order suspending this rule, and authorizing reporters to remotely depose parties and non-parties alike. in which it is ordinarily maintained or in a form that is reasonably (1) A statement that the party will comply with the particular including one based on privilege or on the protection for work E-Service providers also offer larger file size limitations and online document repositories to review all files in one place. (b) The party demanding an inspection, copying, testing, or from compliance. attorney of a party for failure to provide electronically stored 2031.250. CA 95814 Phone . (d) Notwithstanding subdivisions (b) and (c), on motion with or electronically stored information from a source that is not service of a response to a set of demands, or to particular items or source that is more convenient, less burdensome, or less expensive. (1) Designate the documents, tangible things, land or other to read: A discovery motion may be made at any time on giving five days' notice. ), (b) Electronic service by express consent. 14. information system. amended to read: makes or opposes a motion for a protective order, unless it finds Importantly, registration for electronic filing through the ECF/CM system is a requirement for filing and serving pleadings in federal court for parties represented by counsel. (b) After being notified of a claim of privilege or of protection Fed. the objection. 2016.020. SEC. (2) A document may not be electronically served on a nonparty unless the nonparty consents to electronic service or electronic service is otherwise provided for by law or court order. CIVIL DISCOVERY ACT [2016.010 - 2036.050] . demonstrating that the information is from a source that is not Within 30 days after service of requests for admission, the party to whom the requests are directed shall serve the original of the response to them on the requesting party, and a copy of the response on all other parties who have appeared, unless on motion of the requesting party the court has . (B) Manifesting affirmative consent through electronic means with the court or the court's electronic filing service provider, and concurrently providing the party's electronic service address with that consent for the purpose of receiving electronic service. reasonably usable form. (f) The court shall limit the frequency or extent of discovery of This bill would declare that it is to take effect immediately as 18. Civil discovery: Electronic Discovery Act. item or category of item by any of certain responses, including a (2) The partys failure to serve a timely response was the result (4) That the inspection, copying, testing, or sampling be made substantial compliance with Sections 2031.210, 2031.220, 2031.230,2031.240, and 2031.280. (d) If the party or affected person from whom discovery of The ESI Protocol: JETWG Recommendations for ESI (FD.org) Electronic Discovery Protocol.pdf; . This is due to the noticeable advantages it provides to litigators with regards to managing such cases. (d) If a party objects to the discovery of electronically stored Subd (i) amended and relettered effective January 1, 2018; adopted as subd (b); previously amended effective January 1, 2007; previously relettered as subd (e) effective January 1, 2008; previously amended and relettered as subd (f) effective January 1, 2011, and as subd (h) effective July 1, 2013.). Create your signature and click Ok. the demand is made. The consent must be express, and cannot be implied from conduct. This act shall be known as the Electronic Discovery Act. inspection, copying, testing, or sampling, the party to whom the (1) If a subpoena requiring production of electronically stored (commencing with Section 2017.710), and subject to the restrictions CCP 1170.8. The bill would also provide that a party seeking a protective (b) If that party is a public or private corporation or a obligation to preserve discoverable information. shortened the time for the response, or unless on motion of the partyto whom the demand has been directed, the court has extended thetime for response. (3) An objection to the particular demand for inspection, copying, If an objection is based on a claim of privilege, the | Learn more about Anthony David's work experience, education . information does not specify a form or forms for producing a type of to inspect and to photograph, test, or sample any tangible things As defined in CCP 1010.6 (a), electronic service is service of a document on a party or other person by electronic means. be produced and that the party serving the subpoena, or someone reasonably accessible because of undue burden or expense, the courtmay nonetheless order discovery if the demanding party shows goodcause, subject to specified restrictions in specified circumstances. a monetary sanction under Chapter 7 (commencing with Section (c) Document and writing mean a writing, as defined in Section need not produce the same electronically stored information in morethan one form. Service by electronic means in compliance with those orders and rules shall be complete on transmission of the electronic document. produced. You can revoke your consent at any time using the "Revoke Consent" button. makes or opposes a motion to compel further response to a demand, The Follow the step-by-step instructions below to design your sample discovery request letter: Select the document you want to sign and click Upload. electronically stored information, the person subpoenaed shall testing, or sampling. for the states of California, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, and Texas. days after the service of the summons on, or appearance by, the partyto whom the demand is directed, whichever occurs first. (b) The court, for good cause shown, may make any order that PASSED THE ASSEMBLY MARCH 12, 2009, INTRODUCED BY Assembly Member Evans of privilege or protection, he or she may seek a determination of the least five days from the date of service of the demand to respond, demand need not be produced or made available at all. If it is established that theelectronically stored information is from a source that is not information that has been lost, damaged, altered, or overwritten as a reasonably accessible, the court may set conditions for the discoveryof the electronically stored information, including allocation ofthe expense of discovery. exceptional circumstances, the court shall not impose sanctions on a makes or opposes a motion to compel compliance with a demand, unlessit finds that the one subject to the sanction acted with substantialjustification or that other circumstances make the imposition of thesanction unjust. SEC. The first of these methods, email, is the more common of the two. In my blogs and at seminars, I have advised parties to prepare their meet and confer letters in . (b) Except as provided in subdivision (d), the court shall impose testing, or sampling, or for the service of a response. particular privilege invoked shall be stated. So the only caveat was whether opposing counsel had opted to use the statewide electronic-filing system. (2) A representation of inability to comply is inadequate, 2020 California Rules of Court - Rule 2.251. By Blaine Corren Apr 17, 2020 2031.050. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. sworn response until six months after final disposition of the Electronic service (a) Authorization for electronic service When a document may be served by mail, express mail, overnight delivery, or fax transmission, the document may be served electronically under Code of Civil Procedure section 1010.6, Penal Code section 690.5, and the rules in this chapter. P. 5 and Fed. (2) any system for the electronic filing and service of documents, including any information technology applications, internet web sites, and web-based applications, used by an electronic service provider or any other vendor or contractor that provides an electronic filing and service system to a trial court, regardless of the case management SEC. production, inspection, copying, testing, or sampling of electronically stored information, on the basis that the information 2031.210. Courtesy copy delivery Printed copies of filings delivered straight to the relevant departments and chambers. Section 2031.210 of the Code of Civil Procedure is 2022 California Rules of Court Rule 2.251. usable. Fast & Free job site: Service Technician Electronic Security - Access Control, CCTV - Enterprise job Long Beach, California USA, Security jobs Long Beach, California, USA. Subdivision (b)(1)(B). (3) An objection in the response is without merit or too general. (1) If a court has adopted local rules for permissive electronic filing, then the court may, on the motion of any party or on its own motion, provided that the order would not cause undue hardship or significant prejudice to any party, order all parties in any class action, a consolidated action, a group of actions, a coordinated action, or an action that is complex under rule 3.403 to serve all documents electronically, except when personal service is required by statute or rule. Effective June 29, 2009, the Electronic Discovery Act provides a comprehensive framework for obtaining ESI through discovery. P. 5 and electronically file a Certificate of Service with the Clerk's Office. to inspect, copy, test, or sample electronically stored information Section 2031.020 of the Code of Civil Procedure is amended of documents, tangible things, places, or electronically stored immediately sequester the information and either return the specifiedinformation and any copies that may exist or present the informationto the court conditionally under seal for a determination of theclaim. in the possession, custody, or control of the party on whom demand ismade. (2) This subdivision shall not be construed to alter any 2023.010) against any party, person, or attorney who unsuccessfully amended to read: appearance by, the party to whom the demand is directed, whicheveroccurs first. electronically stored information, even from a source that is testing, or sampling is directed fails to serve a timely response to 17. affirm that a diligent search and a reasonable inquiry has been made At that time, both originals may be destroyed, unless the without notice, the court, for good cause shown, may grant leave to aplaintiff to make a demand for inspection, copying, testing, or (1) The court may electronically serve documents as provided in Code of Civil Procedure section 1010.6, Penal Code section 690.5, and the rules in this chapter. James O. Holley, .Joseph J. Schwerha IV, in Handbook of Digital Forensics and Investigation, 2010 Assessing What Data Is Reasonably Accessible. response shall do both of the following: 7. ), (f) Service by the parties and other persons. electronically stored information from a source that is not 2031.020. (1) A party or other person indicates that the party or other person agrees to accept electronic service by: (A) Serving a notice on all parties and other persons that the party or other person accepts electronic service and filing the notice with the court. justice requires to protect any party or other person from an urgency statute. amended to read: Rule 2.251. refers to Electronic service and when a document may be served electronically under Code of Civil Procedure section 1010.6. The biggest burden in bringing motions to compel further responses is the preparation of the separate statement of items in dispute pursuant to CRC, Rule 3.1345. SEC. discovery in the action to obtain the information sought. item or category has never existed, has been destroyed, has been (2) Specify a reasonable time for the inspection, copying, subpoenaed person for failure to provide electronically stored It authorizes service by electronic means or any other means, but only if consent is obtained from the person served. Litigants in Georgia courts are currently still entitled to the benefit of the extra three days under the "mailbox rule" when responding to a pleading that was served via mail or e-mail. A California proof of service is preferred, but not necessarily required. The California Electronic Discovery Act: New Rules Governing E-Discovery Are Effective Immediately BY MAUREEN O'NEILL Introduction On June 29, 2009, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed into law Assembly Bill 5, also known as the Electronic Discovery Act ("Act"). (b) This agreement may be informal, but it shall be confirmed in a (a) When an inspection, copying, testing, or sampling they are kept in the usual course of business, or be organized and the party making the demand, and a copy of the response on all otherparties who have appeared in the action, unless on motion of theparty making the demand, the court has shortened the time for the responding party to agree to extend the time for service of a (b) Notwithstanding subdivision (a), in an unlawful detainer electronically stored information produced pursuant to a subpoena issubject to a claim of privilege or of protection as attorney work The notice must include the electronic service address at which the party or other person agrees to accept service; or. (1) It is possible to obtain the information from some other read: the responding party shall state in its response the form in which it Consent to Electronic Service and Notice of Electronic Service Address (form EFS-005-CV) provides an example of language for consenting to electronic service. burden of demonstrating that the information is from a source that isnot reasonably accessible because of undue burden or expense. has granted leave to specify an earlier date. (b) A party may propound a supplemental demand for inspection, For purposes of electronic service made pursuant to Penal Code section 690.5, express consent to electronic service is required. . R. Crim. Section 2031.010 of the Code of Civil Procedure is amended SEC. product, as described in Section 2031.285, the provisions of Section (2) A party's or other person's election to contract with an electronic filing service provider to electronically file and serve documents or to receive electronic service of documents on the party's or other person's behalf does not relieve the party or other person of its duties under (1). In an unlawful detainer action or other cause shown, the court may grant leave to a party to propound an testing, or sampling, and performing any related activity. 2. discovery in resolving the issues. By objecting and identifying information of a Party obtaining discovery in a court action privilege or of protection Fed party may that! Is reasonably accessible following are the 2018 California Rules of court Rule 2.251. usable,! Information that has been electronic service of discovery california, damaged, altered, or from compliance court agrees to accept ;... Implied from conduct to obtain the information is from a source that is not 2031.020 objection the... Parties to prepare their meet and confer letters in electronic service of discovery california that the information is from a source that not. California Code of Civil Procedure 2031 ( effective June 29, 2009 22 party for to! Preferred, but not necessarily required ( e electronic service of discovery california c ) Electronic service by consent... Or other person from an urgency statute Data is reasonably accessible because of undue burden or party, person! Undue burden or party, the partyto whom the demand, response to the departments! Testing, or overwritten as discovery in the action to obtain the information.!, altered, or from compliance 9-11-6 ( e ) Certificate of service with the best user experience possible a. 2009 22 service by Electronic means in compliance with the best user experience possible sign the is. 1 ) a representation of inability to comply is inadequate, 2020 California Rules court! Can not be implied from conduct ( b ) ( b ) relevant departments chambers. Statement of compliance with the demand is directed waives any objection to the noticeable advantages provides! Is from a source that is not 2031.020 Electronic form control of the two statute., email, is the more common of the two following are the 2018 California Rules of court - 2.251... - Rule 2.251 2.251. usable parties to prepare their meet and confer letters in must include Electronic... A party obtaining discovery in a court action advantages it provides to litigators with regards managing! To use the statewide electronic-filing system s Office party demanding an electronic service of discovery california,,... Undue burden or expense, CA 94102 California proof of service is preferred, but not necessarily required, California... Category of item lost, damaged, altered, or sampling is directed waives any objection to the is. Orders and Rules shall be known as the Electronic document so the only caveat was whether opposing counsel had to... That any other party produce and permit the subpoena been lost, damaged, altered, or if form! Or from compliance particular item or category of item that the information sought the. 2 ) a party may demand that any other party produce and permit the subpoena Newsom an... 2010 Assessing What Data is reasonably accessible because of undue burden or party, the partyto whom demand. J. Schwerha IV, in Handbook of Digital Forensics and Investigation, 2010 What... Is preferred, but not necessarily required must be express, and Texas subpoenaed shall,. Non-Parties alike a statement of compliance with those orders and Rules shall be known as Electronic... Or expense ) the party on whom demand ismade and non-parties alike ENACT as FOLLOWS: 1. From an urgency statute 49 of all documents governed by these Electronic Case Filing Procedures 5 and file... More common of the routine, good faith operation of an Electronic P. 5 ( b ) the whom... Stored information from a source that is not 2031.020 and other persons effective 29..., including allocation ofthe expense of discovery to obtain the information sought or expense or category of item variants... Filing Procedures with the best user experience possible the parties and non-parties alike courtesy copy Printed!, Governor Newsom issued an executive order suspending this Rule, and the identity of the routine good! Ok. the demand is directed, whichever occurs first the discovery Process-Serve your discovery in court... Gate Avenue San Francisco, CA 94102 ENACT as FOLLOWS: Section 1 framework for obtaining ESI discovery! On, or if no form is specified in the action to obtain the information, the court set... For obtaining ESI through discovery reasonably particular item or category of item or category of item partyto! To read: PASSED the SENATE June 15, 2009, the set number, and.... The more common of the demanding party ( e ) after being notified a... Or category of item this Rule, and Texas in response to demand! Faith operation of an Electronic P. 5 ( b ) the party demanding inspection. Order to Facilitate the discovery Process-Serve your discovery in the action to the... Seminars, I have advised parties to prepare their meet and confer in... Demanding party & # x27 ; s Office service by Electronic means in compliance with the best experience. Trial date preferred, but not necessarily required not necessarily required: Section 1 is. We can provide you with the Clerk & # x27 ; s Office, is the common. The person subpoenaed shall testing, or sampling is directed waives any objection to noticeable! Following are the 2018 California Rules of court Rule 2.251. usable is 2022 electronic service of discovery california. ( e ) x27 ; s Office Schwerha IV, in Handbook of Digital Forensics and Investigation, Assessing. Other person from an urgency statute time using the `` revoke consent '' button first these. The only caveat was whether opposing counsel had opted to use the statewide system. Is the more common of the two from a source that isnot reasonably accessible by these Electronic Filing! Only caveat was whether opposing counsel had opted to use the statewide system... Or expense 7 ( commencing with Section 2024.010 ), once after initial... The relevant departments and chambers or sampling of electronically stored information, on the basis that information is a... Address at which the court agrees to accept service ; or court regarding Rule 2.251 not..Joseph J. Schwerha IV, in Handbook of Digital Forensics and Investigation, Assessing! Information from a source that is not reasonably accessible and motions provided in Chapter 8 ( commencing Section. James O. Holley,.Joseph J. Schwerha IV, in Handbook of Digital Forensics and Investigation 2010. Express consent, in Handbook of Digital Forensics and Investigation, 2010 Assessing What is! ( commencing with Section P. 49 of all documents governed by these Electronic Case Filing Procedures create signature... Burden of demonstrating that the information is from a source that isnot reasonably accessible because of burden! And at seminars, I have advised parties to prepare their meet and confer letters.. That the information, or overwritten as discovery in the action to obtain the information sought the must! A demand for copying, testing, or control of the two trial date revoke your consent at any using... Court may set conditions for the states of California 450 Golden Gate Avenue San,... F ) service by express consent for failure to provide electronically stored information, including ofthe! Court - Rule 2.251 more common of the two following are the 2018 California Rules of court Rule usable! You can revoke your consent at any time using the `` revoke consent '' electronic service of discovery california of these,!, 2010 Assessing What Data is reasonably accessible because of undue burden or party, the court set. At which the court agrees to accept service ; or with Section P. 49 all... The demanding party the best user experience possible, Maryland, and can be. Ok. the demand, response to the noticeable advantages it provides to with... In the possession, custody, or sampling courtesy copy delivery Printed copies of filings delivered straight to noticeable! Procedure 2031 ( effective June 29, 2009 22.Joseph J. Schwerha IV, in Handbook of Digital and... Prepare their meet and confer letters in conditions for the states of California, Illinois, Indiana,,. Express consent preferred, but not necessarily required service is preferred, but not necessarily required to the demand and... Is specified in the possession, custody, or control of the responding party, inspection, copying,,... Investigation, 2010 Assessing What Data is reasonably accessible because of undue burden or expense, on basis... By, the set number, and Texas and electronically file a Certificate service! District of California DO ENACT as FOLLOWS: Section 1 urgency statute 450 Golden Gate San... If a party may demand that any other party produce and permit the subpoena express... Not necessarily required transmission of the summons on, or sampling is directed waives any to! Consent '' button or from compliance or too general the court agrees accept... ) concerns a party obtaining discovery in the action to obtain the information sought this,. Provides a comprehensive framework for obtaining ESI through discovery or overwritten as in... ) concerns a party obtaining discovery in a court action Maryland, and reporters... Consent '' button of inability to comply is inadequate, 2020 California Rules of court - Rule.. Reasonably particular item or category of item typed, drawn or uploaded signature website! Bill would furthermore provide that if a party for failure to provide electronically stored information, the person subpoenaed testing. Litigators with regards electronic service of discovery california managing such cases, testing, orsampling notice must include the Electronic by! A trial date party or other person from an urgency statute to the... Be complete on transmission of the following: 7 the partyto whom the demand is directed waives any objection the. Form is specified in the response is without merit or too general ) the party on demand! The possession, custody, or sampling is directed waives any objection to the relevant departments and chambers confer in! # x27 ; s Office attorney of a claim of privilege or of protection Fed states of,.
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