The Eagle Scout rank has been earned by over 2.5 million youth. Date of the Court of Honor (if known) BSA . Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a registered Boy Scout from age 11 to 13 with Troop 151 in Atlanta, according to Boys Life. specialty paper templates / waikiki happy hour 2022. (1919-1945); Navy submarine commander during World War II who received the, Co-founder of environmental activist group, Aviator and adventurer known for his five world record non-stop circumnavigations of the Earth: as a long-distance solo balloonist, as a sailor, and as a solo airplane pilot; president of the, Air Force Reserve colonel; astronaut who flew on, Journalist; Representative from New York (19951997), First transgender woman to be appointed as a judge in Texas, Research pilot; Air Force colonel; astronaut who flew, Considered to be the "Father of Drag Racing", created first successful rear-engined, President of several universities and law professor, Retired professional baseball executive; general manager of four Major League Baseball teams with three World Series championships; inducted into the, Author, politician, professor, and educator; mayor of, Politician, attorney, and editorial writer; member and president of the, Representative from Missouri (2001present), Air Force lieutenant colonel; astronaut who served on shuttle mission, Navy Reserve rear admiral; astronaut who served on shuttle mission, Vice president, general counsel, and secretary of, "Radioactive Boy Scout" who attempted to build a, Animator, director, producer, cartoon artist, and co-founder of, College Basketball Player, Villanova University, 2016 NCAA Champions, Former U.S. Army general; CEO of Burdeshaw Associates; member of the Board of Directors of the Army Historical Foundation; member of the Defense Science Board, Actor, filmmaker and screenwriter best known for, Frank B. Baird Jr. As of 2012, requirements include earning at least 21 merit badges, and demonstrating Scout Spirit, leadership and service. American businessman, inventor, and investor, know for inventing MicroCSP solar technology, Biologist and professor of entomology and zoology who is known for his research on human sexuality, Commercial pilot with Southwest Airlines and colonel in the, Jurist and public official; Associate Justice of the, Air Force colonel and astronaut who flew on shuttle missions, Attorney and senator from Utah (2011present), Pioneering film and television producer, director, writer, and actor, Air Force colonel; astronaut who flew on shuttle missions, International concert pianist, founder and artistic director of, Lawyer, politician and businessman; chairman of the Democratic National Committee (19811985); Ambassador to the Dominican Republic (19992001), CEO of Vulcan Sports & Entertainment; president of the, Tuskegee Airman and a career officer in the Air Force for 30 years; holds an Air Force record of 409 fighter combat missions flown in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam, Venture philanthropist, founder of the McLaughlin Prize for Research in Ethics in Accounting and Taxation, head of the order of the, Decorated Marine Corps combat veteran of World War II, retired as major general; renowned attorney and progressive reform. Powered by Invision Community. Since it was first awarded to Arthur Rose Eldred on August 21, 1912, Eagle Scout has been earned by more than two million youth. Eagle Scout is the highest rank attainable in the Scouts BSA program division of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). Be active in your troop for at least six months as a Life Scout. Of the 24 Astronauts to travel to the moon, 20 of them are Eagle Scouts and 11 of the 12 Astronauts to walk on the moon are Eagle Scouts. Austin is a 7th Generation Texan, Houston native, Eagle Scout, National Merit Finalist, graduate of Georgetown University, veteran Captain in the United States Marine Corps and recipient of the 2012 George Polk Award for War Reporting, the 2012 McClatchy Newspapers President's Award, and the 2015 National Press Club John Aubuchon Freedom of the Press Award. Eagle Scout is the highest achievement or rank attainable in the Scouts BSA program of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). The list below includes notable recipients. James Johnson. A search of the NFL's 2017 active rosters 1,692 players in all turns up at least 10 Eagle Scouts. File Name Description; Alphi Omega Scholarship: Download: Eagle Palm Application: Download: Eagle Scout Application: Download: Eagle Scout Dignitary List: In 1913 there were no Star or Life Scouts awarded in Texas. I looked up everyone I know and found out so much. I found out the guy I've been dating for six months is a sexual offender. That may seem like a lot, but it's just 10 more badges than a Life Scout already has, and chances are, your son has already completed many of the badges on the required list. Eagle Scout is the highest rank attainable in the Boy Scouting program division of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). Tell how you have done your duty to God . ", "Notable Eagle Projects: Elves, Heroes, and Eagle Scouts", "Watch: How Did Our Favorite Eagle Scout Singer Do on 'The Voice'? An Eagle Scout is a Scout with the highest rank attainable in the Boy Scouting program of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). 2.5% of all eagle scouts are women, while 97.5% are men. The list below includes notable recipients. Retired judge, military officer and political leader. Award winning travel photographer and writer. Since it was first awarded to Arthur Rose Eldred on August 21, 1912, Eagle Scout has been earned by more than two million youth. Number of Eagle Scouts per year, 1912 to 2016 1912 The Eagle Scout Project proposals are reviewed on the second Monday unless it is a holiday. Eagle Scout #80: Zachariah Andrew King Earned Eagle June 28, 2010 under Scoutmaster Thom Hammaker Project Description: Zach's project was for the Duncannon Grange where he removed a ton of old stone and bricks from an old chicken BBQ pit. As of 2014[update], requirements include earning at least 21 merit badges and demonstrating Scout Spirit, leadership, and service. I still have my original card and certificate. Garrahy Getting National Eagle Scout Award", "Biography of U.S. Representative Louie Gohmert (TX-01)", "Matt Gonzalez would govern from the left", "Celebrating 100 years of the Boy Scouts", "Jacob Hannemann on a mission to make Chicago Cubs", "Alfred Harvey 'Alfred Petra Harvey Wienrnikoff, "Boy Scouts Prepared To Celebrate A Century", "Eagle Scout Title Opens Doors of Opportunity", "Sen. Hooks Receives Highest Boy Scout Honor", Bare-faced Messiah: The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard, "New Jersey priest Receives Boy Scouting's Highest Honor for Service", "Lt. Eagle Board Life Scout Letter. Jan 18, 2023 at 11:52 am. --Amoore 01:04, 6 November 2005 (UTC) []Regarding removal of names. Demonstrate that you live by the principles of the Scout Oath and Law in your daily life. [349][348], In March 2020, further research showed that the Eagle Scout court of honor for Hamilton Bradley of the Rome Council, was held on December 19, 1919, in Rome, New York. Former head coach of the, Writer who is best known as the author of the, Astronaut who was the deputy team leader for, Army captain during World War II who was awarded the, Air Force lieutenant colonel and astronaut who flew on shuttle mission, Navy rear admiral; astronaut who flew on shuttle missions, Houston energy executive; World Scout Committee Member, Medical doctor; astronaut who flew missions, Author, investor, journalist and tech expert; author of, Businessman, CEO of EDS and Perot Systems; politician who ran for President of the United States in 1992 and 1996, United States Air Force general; Commander, Air Force Logistics Command (19781981), Sports announcer and former NFL defensive back, Lead singer of international recording artists, Actor, star of CBS Television primetime drama "Madam Secretary", Representative from Tennessee (2009present), Singer-songwriter, musician, poet and political activist, Army dentist during World War II who was awarded the, Air Force brigadier general, World War II, District judge and former director of the, Army specialist who was killed in action during the, Nevada State assemblyman; multimedia professional, author, Representative from New Jersey (1981present), Motivational speaker and adventure athlete, Army lieutenant colonel; writer; military historian, Academy Award-winning film director, film producer, and screenwriter, Historian, novelist, short story writer, and environmentalist; "The Dean of Western Writers"; won the, Conservative activist; president, Texans for Fiscal Responsibility, Representative from Pennsylvania (2009present). Among the Eagle Scouts listed below are three Astronauts. Requirements include earning a number of merit badges and demonstration of Scout Spirit, service and leadership.This includes an extensive service project that the . A lot of the famous boy scouts on the list below can trace their success to lessons learned from their scouting days. Drug Trafficker? Retired judge, military officer and political leader. Astronaut - 1st Man on Moon. All Eagle Scout names are on the troop trailer. Eagle Board Guidelines. 1927). Chaka Fattah member of the United States House of Representatives. ", "International Green Industry Hall of Fame Board Members", "Celebrating 100 years of Scouting & Flight". Criticism is getting all mixed up with a combination of the Junior F.B.I.- men, discards from Freud and Jung and a sort of Columnist peep- hole and missing laundry list school. Every young English professor sees gold in them dirty sheets now. Both are fillable PDF documents. After learning about how to write a professional eagle scout resume, you can make sure your resume checks all the boxes . FAMOUS EAGLE SCOUTS: NAME EAGLE CLASS NOTEWORTHY ACCOMPLISHMENTS Neil Armstrong 1947 astronaut, first man on moon - commander of Apollo 11's lunar module, from Wapakoneta, OH; DISTINGUISHED EAGLE SCOUT AWARD recipient Albert Belle c. 1982 outfielder, Chicago White Sox For each Palm, the Scout must: 1) be active in Scouting for three months after becoming an Eagle Scout (or after earning the last Palm), 2) continue to live by the values of Scouting, 3) set an example by accepting responsibility or showing leadership, 4) earn five merit badges beyond . Zach then leveled the ground under their pavilion and made numerous repairs to the old structure. v. t. e. This is a list of Medal of Honor recipients who were also Eagle Scouts . Award winning travel photographer and writer. Read more about List Of Eagle Scouts: Eagle Scouts, Incorrectly Regarded As Eagle Scout, I am opposed to writing about the private lives of living authors and psychoanalyzing them while they are alive. American businessman, inventor, and investor, known for inventing MicroCSP solar technology, Biologist and professor of entomology and zoology who is known for his research on human sexuality, Jurist and public official; Associate Justice of the, Air Force colonel and astronaut who flew on shuttle missions, Attorney and senator from Utah (2011present), Pioneering film and television producer, director, writer, and actor, Air Force colonel; astronaut who flew on shuttle missions, Lawyer, politician and businessman; chairman of the Democratic National Committee (19811985); Ambassador to the Dominican Republic (19992001), Pharmaceutical industry executive and the recipient of the 2007, Tuskegee Airman and a career officer in the Air Force for 30 years; holds an Air Force record of 409 fighter combat missions flown in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam, Venture philanthropist, founder of the McLaughlin Prize for Research in Ethics in Accounting and Taxation, head of the order of the, CEO of Vulcan Sports & Entertainment; president of the, Decorated Marine Corps combat veteran of World War II, retired as major general; renowned attorney and progressive reform. Start your search for List Of All Eagle Scouts now! Former head coach of the, Air Force pilot, journalist famous for role in, Former member (20072013) and president (2013) of the, 3-time Olympian water polo player who won a silver medal in the, Writer who is best known as the author of the, Naval Reserve officer during World War II; Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps, ESSA Corps officer; first Director of the, Astronaut who was the deputy team leader for, Army captain during World War II who was awarded the, Air Force lieutenant colonel and astronaut who flew on shuttle mission, Navy rear admiral; astronaut who flew on shuttle missions, Houston energy executive; World Scout Committee Member, Medical doctor; astronaut who flew missions, Author, investor, journalist and tech expert; author of, Businessman, CEO of EDS and Perot Systems; politician who ran for President of the United States in 1992 and 1996. This is the culmination of the Scout's leadership training, and it requires a significant effort on . The average eagle scout resume is 213 words long. The list below includes notable recipients. Skeptic's probably right about this. [6], The Boy Scouts did not track the race of scouts who earned the rank of Eagle. BSA researcher Scott Olson created a spreadsheet of every player on NFL teams' 53-man rosters. [a], The NESA Outstanding Eagle Scout Award (NOESA) is bestowed to Eagle Scouts who have distinguished themselves at a local-to-regional level or who have not yet met the 25-year tenure requirement to be considered for a DESA. That appears to have been done. Of the original 1911 requirements, Eagle Scouts today still have to earn First Class, and still have to earn a total of 21 merit badges. Since it was first awarded to Arthur Rose Eldred on August 21, 1912, Eagle Scout has been earned by more than two million young men. District Eagle Scout Information: Eagle Board Contact. The most common ethnicity of eagle scouts is White (67.4%), followed by Hispanic or Latino (13.8%), Black or African American (9.4%) and Asian (6.0%). Merrem was the 18th person in 1913 to receive the Eagle Medal. Age at which became Eagle Scout: 14. These persons, while notable in themselves, are sometimes incorrectly listed as having earned the award: From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, "Green Bar Bill" Hillcourt with Baden-Powell, American Association for the Advancement of Science, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, West Virginia University Institute of Technology, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Dr. Frank "Tick" Coleman National Service Award, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Majority leader of the United States House of Representatives, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Roman Catholic Bishop of Springfield-Cape Girardeau, University of Arkansas School of Architecture, 190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident, United States Ambassador to People's Republic of China, National Museum of the United States Air Force, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, "Scouter Peter Agre Places a Nobel Prize Alongside His Eagle Award", "Notable Eagle Projects: Elves, Heroes, and Eagle Scouts", "Watch: How Did Our Favorite Eagle Scout Singer Do on 'The Voice'? Our Council keeps a list (Goes back to 1914) for all Eagles by Year and then Name (no unit info) so if you had the year and Name you might be able to verify. [348] In the Kansas City Council (now the Heart of America Council) newsletter dated 1920, Harry Cooper of Troop 92 was listed as a new Eagle Scout as of September. [350], Dr. Frank "Tick" Coleman, who earned his Eagle in 1926 is one of the first four known African-American Eagle Scouts.[351]. List Of Eagle Scouts. [3] The list below includes notable recipients. Since it was first awarded to Arthur Rose Eldred on August 21, 1912, Eagle Scout has been earned by more than two million youth. 2 state for green building in 2022, second only to Massachusetts, according to an annual ranking released Tuesday by the U.S. Green Building Council. ", "David Archuleta: the Eagle, the temple and the music", "Utah National Parks Council Eagles Nest", "Collector/Attorney Brent Ashworth to speak at Springville Senior Center", "Bureau of Labor and Industries: About Oregon's Labor Commissioner", "Marion Barry: The Activist Denies He's Changed", "Baughan and top Scouts speak at annual breakfast", "National Eagle Scout Association Online CommunityOnline Eagle Directory: Beard, Daniel Carter", "Albert Belle: A New Beginning for Baseball's $55 Million Man", "Pat Gillick is the Baseball Hall of Fame's first Eagle Scout", "Biographical Sketch of Prof. Lee R. Berger", "Lee Berger, headline-making scientist, is an Eagle Scout", "Foxborough Teen who Battled Progeria Dies", "Frank Blair, 79, an anchorman on NBC's "Today" show for 22 years", "Des Plaines Mayor-elect Young, not Inexperienced", "Proud to present a U.S. flag to new Eagle Scout Dallas Lueken from Jasper on the same stage I became one at age 16. [4] Eagle Scouts are recognized with a medal and badge that visibly recognizes the accomplishments of the Scout. microprof0@gmail.com. Attorney and public official, president of the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies; Army general; commanded US military operations in the, Attorney, pilot, and Senior Policy Analyst and, Biologist, researcher, theorist, naturalist; two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize, Drag queen and activist for LGBT+ and environmentalist causes, Coast Guard vice admiral; former National Commodore of the, Motivational speaker; former Army warrant officer pilot who became a prisoner of war in the, Representative from Montana; U.S. Secretary of the Interior, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 17:46. Since it was first awarded to Arthur Rose Eldred on August 21, 1912, Eagle Scout has been earned by more than two million young men. The workbook is dated on the bottom left of the first page. 4 minutes. Field Director: Wade Bastian. These are available only to youth who qualify according to the three tests listed in "Time Extensions," 9.0.4.0 Time Extensions.A Scout, his or her parent or guardian, unit leader, or members of the unit committee may file such requests. This article was considered for deletion at Wikipedia on April 15 2019. All rights reserved. The Eagle Scout award represents the ideals promoted by the Sons of the American Revolution. RememberSchiff, July 8, 2014 in Open Discussion - Program. The Arikara Narrative states that four Sioux scouts acccompanied Custer's Arikara scouts, and gives their names as Ca-roo or Karu (Cards), Ma-tok-sha (Red Bear), Mach-pe-as-ka (White Cloud) and Pta-a-te (Whole Buffalo or Buffalo Body or Buffalo Anscestor), but only two of these names appear on Varnum's Seventh Cavalry Scout List, and one of . Posted July 8, 2014. 'I've learned not to underestimate him' | Palmetto Politics", "Former NY state health commissioner Daines dies". Included in the gallery are past and present world leaders, leading entrepreneurs, Hollywood leading men, award-winning directors, world . Just enter the name of the person that you would like to search. Still it does seem to be inconsistent that National has so many lawyers protecting the BSA "brand" while allowing any guy to call himself an Eagle scout. A Grayslake man has been charged with grooming and other felony counts after arranging a meeting to engage in sex acts with a police officer posing online as an underage . 4)", "How Scouting Helped This Team USA Water Polo Goalie in His Quest for Gold", "The coolest council shoulder patches money can't buy", "Gov. List the names of individuals who know you personally and would be willing to provide a recommendation on your behalf. Origin: Tucson chapter of BSA, Catalina Council. Eagle Scout's name as it should appear on the certificate. Note your project name and total service hours on your rank application. Since its introduction in 1969 by the National Eagle Scout Association, the DESA has been awarded to just under 2000 Eagle Scouts. Once an Eagle scout, one is always an Eagle scout. Very addicting. Considering they can't even maintain a basic membership list accurately from one year to the next, I can't imagine that a database of Eagle Scouts would be either complete or correct. Eagle Scouts are recognized with a medal and badge that visibly recognizes the accomplishments of the Scout. (Req 5) Get signatures of completion from your unit leader and beneficiary. Business executive; Secretary of Defense (19611968); United States Senator from Oregon (2009present), Physical chemist and chemical physicist; awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2014), American mountaineer and speaker; 2010 National Geographic Adventurer of the Year; recipient of the Outdoor Inspiration Award, Political and community leader in California, Former American football tight end/wide receiver in the National Football League for the New York Giants, Denver Broncos, and the Chicago Bears; won a Super Bowl ring as the starting tight end and a member of the 1985 Chicago Bears, Sport radio commentator and analyst. Advancement Committee Chair: Pualani Graham, pualanigraham@gmail.com. List Eagle Scout on Your Resume . No past or current mailing address, phone numbers, email addresses, certainly no Eagle Scout number. list of eagle scouts by state. Answer (1 of 8): I'm going to narrow down the search. Any Scout may earn any merit badge at any time. Eagle Scout is the highest rank attainable in the Scouts BSA program division of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). Sept. 2, 1912: Arthur Eldred becomes the first-ever Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America. Requirement 1. Below is information on the Life rank to Eagle Scout Process. My troops first two from the early 20's are listed. List Of All Eagle Scouts are public records which are documents or pieces of information that are not considered confidential and can be viewed . Eagle Scout is the highest rank attainable in the Scouts BSA program division of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). 6861 posts. Proof enough for most. North Carolina SAR Eagle Scout Chairman. This is a backup of Wikipedia:List of Medal of Honor recipients who were also Eagle Scouts.All of its AfDs can be found with PrefixIndex, the first at Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Medal of Honor recipients who were also Eagle Scouts.If the page name here has changed, please see these three pages instead. We are grateful to recognize this achievement on the part of any Scout, regardless of lineage or ancestry. 4)", "Eagle Scouts among this year's NFL draft class", "White Rocket: How all U.S. Air Force pilots since 1968 have met their Mach", "How Scouting Helped This Team USA Water Polo Goalie in His Quest for Gold", "The coolest council shoulder patches money can't buy", "Gov. Stephen Breyer, Supreme Court justice (Eagle Scout, Class of 1952) George W. Bush, 43rd U.S. president; Tom C. Clark, former Supreme Court justice (Eagle Scout, Class of 1914) Bill Clinton, 42nd U.S. president; Gerald Ford, 38th U.S. president (Eagle Scout, Class of 1927) Robert Gates, former Secretary of Defense (Eagle Scout, Class of 1958) . Representative from Oregon (1999present), Army first lieutenant; first commissioned officer in the U.S. armed forces to publicly. [5] Since its introduction in 1969 by the National Eagle Scout Association, the DESA has been awarded to over 2,000 Eagle Scouts. ", "Maroon 5 guitarist James Valentine is an Eagle Scout", "Vandiver named Distinguished Eagle Scout", "Eagle Scouts use badges to decry gay ban", "From Preacher's Kid to Front-runner: Scott Walker's Small-town Roots Led to Reputation as Fiscal Hawk", "Officer at Fort Lewis Calls Iraq War Illegal, Refuses Order to Go", "EPA, Boy Scouts Announce Collaboration on Environmental Education Award Program and Special Award", "Congressman Brooks Staffer Tapped for White House Post", "Pattie Gonia: the drag queen Eagle Scout who dances on mountaintops", "Ronald D. Young American Hero Was an Eagle First", "Patrick G. Young, Jr., Maryland State Delegate", "Family seeks recognition of first African-American Eagle Scout", "Meet Harry Cooper of Missouri, who is believed to be the first Black Eagle Scout", "A Grand Tradition: Kansas City's Legacy of Eagle Scouts", "New research reveals an even earlier Black Eagle Scout: Hamilton Bradley of New York", "Boy Scouts Celebrate Black History Month, Diversity by Awarding Dr. Frank 'Tick' Coleman National Service Award", Introduction to Leadership Skills for Troops, Introduction to Leadership Skills for Crews, National Advanced Youth Leadership Experience, National Youth Leadership Training Leadership Academy, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Award, Cradle of Liberty Council v. City of Philadelphia, Curran v. Mount Diablo Council of the Boy Scouts of America, President Gerald R. Ford Field Service Council, High Adventure Bases of the Boy Scouts of America, The Summit Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve, BSA National Headquarters in Irving, Texas, International Catholic Conference of Scouting, International Union of Guides and Scouts of Europe, World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, International Scouting Collectors Association, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Eagle_Scouts&oldid=1134030333, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles with dead external links from November 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015, Articles needing additional references from November 2022, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, American computer programmer and website developer, Army colonel and astronaut who flew on shuttle missions, Medical doctor, professor, and molecular biologist who was awarded the 2003, Cartoonist, best known for his comic strip, Air Force officer; first recipient of the. Paint colorful squares for a game of hopscotch on a school playground. (19191945); Navy submarine commander during World War II who received the, Co-founder of environmental activist group, Aviator and adventurer known for his five world record non-stop circumnavigations of the Earth: as a long-distance solo balloonist, as a sailor, and as a solo airplane pilot; president of the, Air Force Reserve colonel; astronaut who flew on, Journalist; Representative from New York (19951997), First transgender woman to be appointed as a judge in Texas, Research pilot; Air Force colonel; astronaut who flew, Considered to be the "Father of Drag Racing", created first successful rear-engined, President of several universities and law professor, Retired professional baseball executive; general manager of four Major League Baseball teams with three World Series championships; inducted into the, Professor of Medicine in the Division of Cardiology, the, Author, politician, professor, and educator; mayor of, Politician, attorney, and editorial writer; member and president of the, Representative from Missouri (2001present), Air Force lieutenant colonel; astronaut who served on shuttle mission, Navy Reserve rear admiral; astronaut who served on shuttle mission, "Radioactive Boy Scout" who attempted to build a, Animator, director, producer, cartoon artist, and co-founder of, NBA player for New Orleans Pelicans, Villanova University, 2016 NCAA Champions, Former U.S. Army general; CEO of Burdeshaw Associates; member of the Board of Directors of the Army Historical Foundation; member of the Defense Science Board, Actor, filmmaker and screenwriter best known for, Frank B. Baird Jr.